DDT and PCBs in human milk: Implication for breast feeding infants

Galetin-Smith, R.; Pavkov, S.; Roncević, N

doi:10.1007/bf01701076

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that lactation serves as a route of elimination, and lipophilic compounds are ''purged'' from the mother's adipose stores. However, not all researchers have shown a decline in levels of lipophilic compounds during lactation (Curley and Kimbrough, 1969;de Bellini et al, 1977;Brilliant et al, 1978;Krauthacker et al, 1980;Mes and Lau, 1983;Mes et al, 1984;Fooken and Butte, 1987;Galetin-Smith et al, 1990;Vaz et al, 1993;Abraham et al, 1994;Kim et al, 2002;Weiss et al, 2003;Suzuki et al, 2005) or with multiple births (Kunisue et al, 2006;Sasamoto et al, 2006) and recent data suggest that the picture is more complex than previously hypothesized.…”

Section: Dioxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent global trends and physiologic origins of dioxins and furans in human milk

LaKind

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Restrictions on releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) to the environment from industrial practices have resulted in an attendant decrease in levels of these compounds in the environment. Continued environmental monitoring and biomonitoring of PCDDs/Fs ensure that exposures do not increase unexpectedly or unnoticed. Perhaps the most highly exposed part of the population, however, is the breastfed infant and a periodic assessment of levels of dioxins and furans in human milk provides exposure information for infants. A previous international review of levels of PCDDs/Fs in human milk based on data from the 1970's to the mid-1990's showed a decline in many countries for which data were available. In this paper, recent (1998-2005) global data on PCDDs/Fs in human milk are described. A comparison of these recent data to pre-1998 data suggests a continuing decline in global levels of PCDDs/Fs in human milk. In addition, this paper explores research on physiological origins of these compounds in human milk (e.g., adipose tissue mobilization, recent dietary exposures). The question of whether the presence of PCDDs/Fs in milk is from the lifetime accumulation of PCDDs/Fs in adipose tissue or current diet (or, as is more likely, a complex combination of both) remains unanswered. Whether diet during lactation has a greater influence on milk levels PCDDs/Fs levels than previously suspected, and whether infant exposures to PCDDs/Fs via breastfeeding could be reduced by changes in diet during lactation, are important--and currently unexplored--lines of inquiry.

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Section: Dioxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent global trends and physiologic origins of dioxins and furans in human milk

LaKind

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…High dose of endosulfan lead to decreased sperm count upto 39% and damaging effect on spermatogonial cells as well as sperm morphology [66]. Health effects of PCB have also been described by a number of authors [67][68][69][70][71][72][73].…”

Section: Toxicity Among Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides: A Review

Singh¹

2016

AJBIO

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This study is aimed at compiling the toxicological aspects of organochlorine compounds (OCCs) including pesticides among different animal models. Tests on animal species like Mean Probable Effect Concentration Quotient (PEC-Q) test, DNA repair assays and histopathological examinations have shown positive results for the toxicity of organochlorine pesticides. The results were observed on different animals including fishes, furseals, frogs, rats, bats and humans. In fishes, endosulfan is found to have acute toxicities. Similarly, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroids and microbial insecticides were also found to show their toxic effects. Some compounds such as lambda-cyhalothrin showed a very high toxicity on fish followed by fenvalerate, deltamethrin and cypermethrin. Exposure to OCCs can impart foe cell death by inducing Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway (MAPK) which is associated with cell growth differentiation and apoptosis. On studying the genotoxic effects of OCCs on germ cells of mouse, it was observed that a lethal mutation can occur just after one mating interval. Increase in the number of micronucleated cells has also been seen after OCC exposure. Neuro-behavioural studies on rats showed the presence of tremors caused by chlordecone and p,p'DDT. Tumorigenicity by organochlorine pesticides is seen to be an epigenetic mechanism in a DNA repair assay. Acute poisoning was seen in liver, kidney and testis of albino rat due to the toxic effect of dursban and DDT. Great declines in populations have been seen due to OCC toxicity in different animal species. Direct and indirect exposure to these compounds should be reduced so as to minimize the possible health hazards.

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“…Due to the changes in fat content of breastmilk within a feed, between feeds and throughout lactation, a single sample may not give a precise indication of the levels present during the course of breastfeeding. Studies carried out looking at the changes in concentrations of residues in breastmilk show very inconsistent patterns with peak concentrations of residues occurring anywhere between 15 days and 6 months after the baby is born (Hagyard et al 1973, Fooken and Butte 1987, Galetin-Smith et al 1990, Jahn et al 1991. Similarly, methods for assessing intake quote vastly di ering values and do not take account of factors that may in¯uence the intake of residues such as partial breastfeeding and the in¯uence of weaning foods on consumption (Pao et al 1980).…”

Section: Risk±bene®t Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the risks of pesticide residues to consumers: recent and future developments

Harris¹,

Renfrew²,

Woolridge³

2001

Food Additives and Contaminants

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Assessing exposure of consumers to pesticide residues is an area of regulatory science that has rapidly developed over the last decade. From simplistic, deterministic models calculating lifetime exposure for adults only, assessment procedures have diversified so that more realistic estimates of long term exposures for adults, schoolchildren, toddlers and infants and short term exposures for adults and toddlers (who generally bound the more extreme consumer patterns) are now carried out. The final assessment of risk still remains a simplistic numeric comparison against hazard assessment based on a wide range of toxicity studies incorporating the appropriate safety or uncertainty factors. As development of risk assessments continues, the use of probabilistic models is becoming an invaluable information tool for quantitative risk management and aiding assessment of cumulative exposure. This paper examines the recent developments in risk assessment and consumer perception of the risks of pesticide residues, and speculates where the future developments in these areas may lie.

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DDT and PCBs in human milk: Implication for breast feeding infants

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

Recent global trends and physiologic origins of dioxins and furans in human milk

Recent global trends and physiologic origins of dioxins and furans in human milk

Toxic Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides: A Review

Assessing the risks of pesticide residues to consumers: recent and future developments

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