DDE in brown and white fat of hibernating bats

Clark, Donald R.; Krynitsky, Alexander J.

doi:10.1016/0143-1471(83)90065-x

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…When they feed on preys (insects, arthropods and others) contaminated with pesticides, insect-eating bats end up bioaccumulating residues in their tissues (Gerell and Gerell Lunderg, 1993;Stahlschmidt and Brühl, 2012). Residual concentrations of organochlorines, dieldrin, endosulfan, lindane, pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates were recorded in several tissues of insect-eating bats (Clark and Krynitsky, 1983;Eidels et al, 2016;Fernández et al, 1993;Gerell and Gerell Lunderg, 1993;Kannan et al, 2010;Lilley et al, 2013;Stechert et al, 2014). We observed that insect-eating bats are the most studied (Table 1) and apparently accumulate more pesticides compared to bats with different eating habits.…”

Section: Bats and Pesticides Exposurementioning

confidence: 67%

How do pesticides affect bats? – A brief review of recent publications

2021

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Increased agricultural production has been increased use of pesticides worldwide, which poses a threat to both human and environmental health. Recent studies suggest that several non-target organisms, from bees to mammals, show a wide variety of toxic effects of pesticides exposure, including impaired behavior, development and reproduction. Among mammals, bats are usually a neglected taxon among ecotoxicological studies, although they play important ecological and economical roles in forest ecosystems and agriculture through to seed dispersal and insect population control. Considering their wide variety of food habits, bats are exposed to environmental pollutants through food or water contamination, or through direct skin contact in their roosting areas. In order to better understand the risk posed by pesticides to bats populations, we compiled studies that investigated the main toxicological effects of pesticides in bats, aiming at contributing to discussion about the environmental risks associated with the use of pesticides.

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Section: Bats and Pesticides Exposurementioning

confidence: 67%

How do pesticides affect bats? – A brief review of recent publications

2021

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“…During the course of hibernation, with the decline in the total amount of fat, DDE concentration markedly increased in the body. The authors stated that a similar trend could be observed in the brain, thereby leading to toxicity and death (Clark and Krynitsky, 1983). For the examples found, there is a clear positive trend between the log K ow and the degree of bioaccumulation of organic compounds and there is evidence to suggest that bats accumulate more Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) than birds and that this trend is even stronger for substances with higher log K ow (Streit et al, 1995).…”

Section: Bioaccumulation Of Ppps In Batsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Brown fat content will decrease very rapidly during arousal of hibernating bats, providing high-energy triglycerides. On the contrary, white fat shrinks slowly over hibernation time (Clark and Krynitsky, 1983). According to Jonasson and Willis (2011), the overwinter decline in fat reserves can account for ca.…”

Section: Bioaccumulation Of Ppps In Batsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific statement on the coverage of bats by the current pesticide risk assessment for birds and mammals

Residues¹,

Hernández‐Jerez²,

Adriaanse³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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Bats are an important group of mammals, frequently foraging in farmland and potentially exposed to pesticides. This statement considers whether the current risk assessment performed for birds and ground dwelling mammals exposed to pesticides is also protective of bats. Three main issues were addressed. Firstly, whether bats are toxicologically more or less sensitive than the most sensitive birds and mammals. Secondly, whether oral exposure of bats to pesticides is greater or lower than in ground dwelling mammals and birds. Thirdly, whether there are other important exposure routes relevant to bats. A large variation in toxicological sensitivity and no relationship between sensitivity of bats and bird or mammal test-species to pesticides could be found. In addition, bats have unique traits, such as echolocation and torpor which can be adversely affected by exposure to pesticides and which are not covered by the endpoints currently selected for wild mammal risk assessment. The current exposure assessment methodology was used for oral exposure and adapted to bats using bat-specific parameters. For oral exposure, it was concluded that for most standard risk assessment scenarios the current approach did not cover exposure of bats to pesticide residues in food. Calculations of potential dermal exposure for bats foraging during spraying operations suggest that this may be a very important exposure route. Dermal routes of exposure should be combined with inhalation and oral exposure. Based on the evidence compiled, the Panel concludes that bats are not adequately covered by the current risk assessment approach, and that there is a need to develop a bat-specific risk assessment scheme. In general, there was scarcity of data to assess the risks for bat exposed to pesticides. Recommendations for research are made, including identification of alternatives to laboratory testing of bats to assess toxicological effects.

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“…The EFSA bat statement postulates that high fat consumption during hibernation may expose bats to mobilized accumulated lipophilic active substances, potentially increasing the risk of direct mortality. For example, a study by Clark and Krynitsky ( 1983 ) investigating dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) observed high residues in brown fats, which were metabolized during hibernation and resulted in markedly increased DDE concentrations in the body. Although no toxic effects were identified in the study, Clark and Krynitsky ( 1983 ) questioned whether such effects may occur in the event of higher initial fat concentrations or for more toxic active substances.…”

Section: Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a study by Clark and Krynitsky ( 1983 ) investigating dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) observed high residues in brown fats, which were metabolized during hibernation and resulted in markedly increased DDE concentrations in the body. Although no toxic effects were identified in the study, Clark and Krynitsky ( 1983 ) questioned whether such effects may occur in the event of higher initial fat concentrations or for more toxic active substances. We do not consider it useful to refer to such legacy compounds for the assessment of current pesticide chemistry, with problematic compounds such as these now being screened out during the mandatory assessment of persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT).…”

Section: Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Risks to Bats from Plant Protection Products: A Review of the Recent European Food Safety Authority Statement Regarding Toxicity and Exposure Routes

Brooks¹,

Nopper²,

Weyers

et al. 2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Wild birds and mammals that feed in agricultural habitats are potentially exposed to pesticides through various routes. Until recently, it has been implicitly assumed that the existing EU risk assessment scheme for birds and mammals also covered bats (Chiroptera). However, recent publications raised concerns and, in 2019, a scientific statement was published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that concluded that bats were not adequately covered by the current risk assessment scheme. Here we review the evidence presented and assumptions made in the EFSA bat statement relating to toxicity, bioaccumulation and exposure pathways (oral, This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Accepted Articledermal and inhalation), in terms of their relevance for bats potentially foraging in agricultural areas in the EU, and highlighting where uncertainties remain and how these could be addressed. Based on this review, it is clear that there is still much uncertainty with regard to the appropriateness of the assumptions made in the EFSA bat statement. Significantly more information needs to be gathered to answer fundamental questions regarding bat behaviour in agricultural landscapes, together with the relative sensitivity of bats to pesticide exposure. Given the current critical information gaps, it is recommended that quantitative risk assessments for bats are not performed for pesticides until more robust, reliable and relevant data are available.The risk to bats can then be compared to that for birds and ground-dwelling mammals, to determine the protectiveness of the existing scheme and thus whether a bat scenario is indeed required and under what circumstances.

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DDE in brown and white fat of hibernating bats

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

How do pesticides affect bats? – A brief review of recent publications

How do pesticides affect bats? – A brief review of recent publications

Scientific statement on the coverage of bats by the current pesticide risk assessment for birds and mammals

Assessing the Risks to Bats from Plant Protection Products: A Review of the Recent European Food Safety Authority Statement Regarding Toxicity and Exposure Routes

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