DC-Voltage-Induced Thermal Shift of Bias Point in&amp;lt;tex&amp;gt;$hboxLiNbO_3$&amp;lt;/tex&amp;gt;Optical Modulators

Nagata, Hirotoshi; O'Brien, Ned Francis; Bosenberg, W. R.; Reiff, G.; Voisine, K.R.

doi:10.1109/lpt.2004.834928

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…First, DC and low frequency responses are difficult to measure and sometimes unstable. It is observed that DC response of LN modulators sometimes tends to be inefficient, unstable, and drift over time due to photorefraction, photoconduction, and surface charge accumulation [206,207]. In commercial LN modulators, it is common to have separate DC bias electrode and feedback circuit to stabilize the operation.…”

Section: Half-wave Voltage ( )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

et al. 2021

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Lithium niobate (LN), an outstanding and versatile material, has influenced our daily life for decades: from enabling high-speed optical communications that form the backbone of the Internet to realizing radio-frequency filtering used in our cell phones. This half-century-old material is currently embracing a revolution in thin-film LN integrated photonics. The success of manufacturing wafer-scale, high-quality, thin films of LN on insulator (LNOI), accompanied with breakthroughs in nanofabrication techniques, have made high-performance integrated nanophotonic components possible. With rapid development in the past few years, some of these thin-film LN devices, such as optical modulators and nonlinear wavelength converters, have already outperformed their legacy counterparts realized in bulk LN crystals. Furthermore, the nanophotonic integration enabled ultra-low-loss resonators in LN, which unlocked many novel applications such as optical frequency combs and quantum transducers. In this Review, we cover-from basic principles to the state of the art-the diverse aspects of integrated thinfilm LN photonics, including the materials, basic passive components, and various active devices based on electro-optics, all-optical nonlinearities, and acousto-optics. We also identify challenges that this platform is currently facing and point out future opportunities. The field of integrated LNOI photonics is advancing rapidly and poised to make critical impacts on a broad range of applications in communication, signal processing, and quantum information.

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Section: Half-wave Voltage ( )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

et al. 2021

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“…17) The Z-cut mode ridge waveguides increase the overlap between the applied electric field and the laser mode, which provides a lower half-wave voltage but introduces pyroelectric and thermo-optic effects. 15,18) Because the electrodes are located directly above the waveguide, the MZ-EOIM working conditions are strongly affected by temperature. Consequently, the DC bias voltage of the Z-cut MZ-EOIM used in our experiment drifts with the ambient temperature, which is problematic for generation of high-on/off-ratio laser pulses.…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High on/off ratio nanosecond laser pulses for a triggered single-photon source

Jin

Liu

et al. 2016

Appl. Phys. Express

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An 852nm nanosecond laser pulse chain with a high on/off ratio is generated by chopping a continuous-wave laser beam using a Mach-Zehnder-type electro-optic intensity modulator (MZ-EOIM). The detailed dependence of the MZ-EOIM's on/off ratio on various parameters is characterized. By optimizing the incident beam polarization and stabilizing the MZ-EOIM temperature, a static on/off ratio of 12600:1 is achieved. The dynamic on/off ratios versus the pulse repetition rate and the pulse duty cycle are measured and discussed. The high-on/off-ratio nanosecond pulsed laser system was used in a triggered single-photon source based on a trapped single cesium atom, which reveals clear antibunching.

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“…Several solutions have been proposed and used to suppress, or strongly reduce [27] these thermal drift sources. The thermal drift can occur only in the case of asymmetric MZ modulator (refractive index inhomogeneities) or if the temperature variation experienced by each of the arms is different (see Table II).…”

Section: A Thermal Driftmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For symmetric MZ modulators, thermal drift can exist only if the temperature variation in each arm is different. These two technological point seem to be well controlled [27]. For instance, a charge-bleed layer is applied to suppress the pyroelectric-dominated thermal shift [28], [29].…”

Section: A Thermal Driftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Salvestrini

Guilbert

Fontana

et al. 2011

J. Lightwave Technol.

154

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The drift issue induces slow drifting of the optimum operating point for high efficiency or large nonlinearities in analog optical links, and requires complex control of the offset bias voltage for achieving high extinction ratio in digital optical links. We discuss and analyze the different sources of the drift in commercially LiNbO 3 Mach-Zehnder modulators. The different extrinsic and intrinsic origins are compared in terms of phase shift and the different corresponding orders of magnitude are given, pointing out the predominant role of the intrinsic (dc) drift. We show the large role played by the electrical inhomogeneities at the surface of the LiNbO 3 substrate by highlighting the link between the time dependence of the dc drift and the electrical conductivity measured at the surface and in the volume of the LiNbO 3 substrate. This allows to propose a solution to the drift issue which consists in the engineering of the electrical conductivity of the lithium niobate substrate.

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DC-Voltage-Induced Thermal Shift of Bias Point in<tex>$hboxLiNbO_3$</tex>Optical Modulators

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

High on/off ratio nanosecond laser pulses for a triggered single-photon source

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

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DC-Voltage-Induced Thermal Shift of Bias Point in&lt;tex&gt;$hboxLiNbO_3$&lt;/tex&gt;Optical Modulators

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

High on/off ratio nanosecond laser pulses for a triggered single-photon source

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO3Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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DC-Voltage-Induced Thermal Shift of Bias Point in<tex>$hboxLiNbO_3$</tex>Optical Modulators

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators