DC-targeted gold nanoparticles as an efficient and biocompatible carrier for modulating allergic responses in sublingual immunotherapy

Gold Nanoparticles: Multifaceted Roles in the Management of Autoimmune Disorders

“…In this regard, Chen et al have shown an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 secretion from macrophages in a dose-dependent manner of GNPs in the hepatic injury rat model [ 94 ]. These data are in line with our observation that showed 15 nm diameter GNPs and GNPs–allergen proteins conjugates increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-b cytokines [ 68 , 69 ] and decreased IL-17 levels [ 68 ] in allergic inflammation conditions. In addition, a study by Kingston et al showed that 50 nm diameter GNPs did not affect macrophage viability and inflammatory cytokines alone but significantly decreased LPS-driven inflammatory responses include inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-17, and TH17 responses, and ROS production in a dose-dependent manner.…”

“…Apart from numerous advantages, easily functionalization of GNPs with different molecules can offer entirely new therapeutic options for combination therapy [ 64 ] and also combined therapy and diagnostics (theranostics). It has been demonstrated that GNPs are an efficient carrier with a controllable release for diverse therapeutic agents such as antineoplastic medications [ 65 ], antioxidants [ 66 ], antibiotics [ 67 ], proteins [ 68 , 69 ], nucleic acids [ 70 ], and glucose [ 71 ]. The nanospheres and nanorods shapes of GNPs are the most-favored gold structures that have been investigated for biomedical purposes due to their well-characterized synthesis.…”

“…In this regard, recent studies showed that functionalized GNPs with allergen proteins enhanced immunotherapy efficacy by decreasing inflammatory cytokine while increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to allergen protein. It was supposed that GNPs enhance protein absorption into administration sites such as skin and oral mucosa, which could lead to increased uptake and internalization of protein by DCs, and subsequent controlled release of allergen induce tolerogenic DCs in rhinitis allergic models compared to soluble allergen proteins [ 68 , 69 ]. Moreover, it has been indicated that GNPs conjugated with aptamers enhanced the therapeutic efficiency by inducing stability, specificity, and uptake of biomolecules.…”

“…Moreover, it has been indicated that GNPs conjugated with aptamers enhanced the therapeutic efficiency by inducing stability, specificity, and uptake of biomolecules. The obtained data of these studies showed that multi-functionalized GNPs with allergen protein and DC-specific aptamers significantly improve immunotherapy efficacy compared to both free protein and attached to GNPs, protein–GNPs conjugate, by significantly decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, Il-17, IFN-γ) and inflammatory cell infiltrations, while significantly increasing anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF- β) cytokines [ 68 , 69 ]. Interestingly, another study by Kalmodia et al [ 66 ] indicated that functionalized GNPs with antioxidant peptides (Pep-A) synergistically improved the radical scavenging properties and enhanced antioxidant capacity compared to Pep-A and GNPs alone.…”

L-Theanine Modulates Intestine-Specific Immunity by Regulating the Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mice

“…During the development of OVA-A, immediate hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by the presence of antigen-specific IgE antibodies and disorders of the gut microbiota . OVA is recognized and captured by intestinal dendritic cells (DCs), a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) . Furthermore, APCs present food allergens to naive CD4+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, thus stimulating the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into the T helper (Th)-2 cells, which produce the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 .…”