Daytime activity budgets of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum: influence of season, age, and sex

Abstract

The activity budgets of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland, were studied from January to December in 1981 and from May to November in 2000. We investigated differences in activity patterns in relation to season, time of day, and age–sex classes of goats, and their possible causes. Since the goats spent the night sleeping (or resting) in caves or other sheltered sites, only diurnal activity budgets were considered. Activity patterns were very similar between the two study periods (from May to November). All age–sex classes of feral goats spent most of the daytime feeding in both years, especially during autumn and winter. Feral goats increased the percentage of daytime that they spent feeding and decreased their resting time from summer to autumn–winter in response to the decrease in available day length and, possibly, the decrease in forage quality and biomass. Feral goats on Rum had two or three daily peaks of feeding in summer, but showed no obvious daily feeding peaks in winter, although their percentage of feeding time remained relatively high throughout the daytime in winter. No significant differences in general activity budgets between adult males and females were found, but yearlings were found to spend more time feeding than adults and kids. Adult males spent more time in social activities than did other age–sex classes, and adult males sharply decreased the percentage of daytime that they spent feeding during rutting periods, which may have contributed to their higher mortality over the subsequent autumn and winter.

Activity budget patterns in family-group and solitary territorial male guanacos

“…This variation in behavior can allow a male to attract mates, secure a territory, reduce predation risk, and increase foraging efficiency (Jarman 1974, Lipetz & Bekoff 1982, Walther et al 1983, Goldsmith 1990. While some territorial ungulate males budget a large proportion of time to attract mates (Estes 1991), others attract mates through the resources defended (Emlen & Oring 1977) and spend a disproportionate amount of time foraging (Maher 1991, Colman et al 2001, Shi et al 2003.…”

Seasonal behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus): Rut and pre-rut comparisons

“…At XMDF male and female musk deer fed and ruminated relatively more throughout August and October, probably in order to accumulate energy to enter the coming rut season. Shi et al (2003) recorded a similar behavior pattern in feral goats (Capra hircus L., 1758).…”

Relation between daytime activities and environmental conditions in Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica)

“…Different patterns of these activities exist and correspond mainly with the habitat of a particular individual (Tustin & Parkes 1988). Most of the activities such as movement, relaxation and rumination culminate during sunset, and the number of these cycles depends on the day length or amount of sun-P. Bačkor shine (Shi et al 2003;Cederlund 2006). As mentioned before, the general activities of individuals are most of all affected by the sunshine.…”