Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) offers the opportunity to delineate individual-specific brain networks. A major question is whether individual-specific network topography (i.e., location and spatial arrangement) is behaviorally relevant. Here, we propose a multi-session hierarchical Bayesian model (MS-HBM) for estimating individualspecific cortical networks and investigate whether individual-specific network topography can predict human behavior. The multiple layers of the MS-HBM explicitly differentiate intra-subject (within-subject) from inter-subject (between-subject) network variability. By ignoring intra-subject variability, previous network mappings might confuse intra-subject variability for inter-subject differences. Compared with other approaches, MS-HBM parcellations generalized better to new rs-fMRI and task-fMRI data from the same subjects.More specifically, MS-HBM parcellations estimated from a single rs-fMRI session (10 minutes) showed comparable generalizability as parcellations estimated by two state-of-theart methods using five sessions (50 minutes). We also showed that behavioral phenotypes across cognition, personality and emotion could be predicted by individual-specific network topography with modest accuracy, comparable to previous reports predicting phenotypes based on connectivity strength. Network topography estimated by MS-HBM was more effective for behavioral prediction than network size, as well as network topography estimated by other parcellation approaches. Thus, similar to connectivity strength, individualspecific network topography might also serve as a fingerprint of human behavior. substantially across participants (Harrison et al., 2015;Laumann et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2015;Glasser et al., 2016;Gordon et al., 2017aGordon et al., , 2017bGordon et al., , 2017cBraga and Buckner, 2017).Yet, the possible behavioral relevance of individual differences in network size and network topography (location and spatial arrangement) remains unknown.We proposed a multi-session hierarchical Bayesian model (MS-HBM) for estimating individual-specific network parcellations of the cerebral cortex and investigated whether individual-specific network topography and size are associated with human behavior. The multiple layers of the MS-HBM allowed explicit separation of inter-subject (betweensubject) and intra-subject (within-session) functional connectivity variability. Previous individual-specific network mappings only accounted for inter-subject variability, but not intra-subject variability. However, inter-subject and intra-subject RSFC variability can be markedly different across regions (Mueller et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2015;Laumann et al., 2015). For example, the motor cortex exhibits high intra-subject functional connectivity variability, but low inter-subject functional connectivity variability .Therefore, observed RSFC variability in the motor cortex might be incorrectly attributed to inter-subject spatial variability of brain networks, rather than just intra-...