Day‐ahead flexibility enhancement via joint optimization for new energy vehicle fleets and electric vehicle charging/hydrogen refuelling stations

Abstract

Power systems are striving for the decarbonization goal for long-term sustainability. As a result, the renewable energy sources (RES) have been playing an increasingly important role in the generation portfolio. Power system flexibility maintaining the power balance under uncertain and variable RES generation has become a major concern during the energy transition. This paper proposes to apply new energy vehicles (NEV) including electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) as day-ahead flexibility resources to make revenue by providing comprehensive capacity/energy flexibility in the ancillary service market. First, the detailed joint optimized operational strategies of the NEV fleet and the EV charging/hydrogen refuelling stations are formulated. Second, the design and service clearing methodology of the ancillary service market for flexibility enhancement is introduced. A game-theoretic model is applied to determine the equilibrium price for both the demand and suppliers (namely NEV fleets) of operational flexibility. Third, case studies using IEEE benchmark systems are provided to validate the proposed methods. The results demonstrate that the joint optimization of NEV fleets, charging stations, and hydrogen refuelling stations can improve the power system operational flexibility, reduce the charging expense of NEV owners, and reduce the carbon emission by utilizing the green hydrogen.