David's score: a more appropriate dominance ranking method than Clutton-Brock et al.'s index

Gammell, Martin P.; Vries, Han de; Jennings, Dómhnall J.; Carlin, Caitrı́ona M.; Hayden, Thomas J.

doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2226

Cited by 320 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…way (de Vries 1998;Gammell et al 2003;Langbein & Puppe 2004). Unfortunately, these concerns appear to be rarely taken into account in studies that adopt dominance rank as an explanatory variable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…David's scores use the outcomes of agonistic interactions between group members to calculate agonistic ranks, while taking the relative strengths of the opponents into account (Gammell et al 2003): the proportion of wins by individual i in his interactions with another individual j (P ij ) is the number of times that i defeats j (a ij ) divided by the total number of interactions between i and j (n ij ), thus P ij ¼ a ij /n ij . The proportion of losses by i in interactions with j, P ji ¼ 1 À P ij .…”

Section: Agonistic Rank Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proportion of losses by i in interactions with j, P ji ¼ 1 À P ij . Subsequently, the David's score (DS) for each member, i, of a group is calculated with the formula DS ¼ w þ w 2 À l À l 2 , where w ¼ P P ij ; w 2 ¼ P w, weighted by the appropriate P ij values, of those individuals with which i interacted; l ¼ P P ji ; and l 2 ¼ P l, weighted by the appropriate P ji values, of those individuals with which i interacted (Gammell et al 2003). A correction of P ij , termed d ij , should be used when interaction frequency varies substantially between dyads (de Vries 1998), as was the case in our study.…”

Section: Agonistic Rank Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relation between social rank, neophobia and individual learning in starlings

2006

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Researchers with diverse interests in topics ranging from the formation of dominance hierarchies and social intelligence to animal personalities have predicted specific, and often conflicting, relations between social rank, neophobia and learning ability. We investigated the relations between these variables in captive groups of wild-caught starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, adopting a multidimensional approach to social rank and neophobia. Both agonistic and competitive rank orders were determined for each group and we tested individuals in the absence of their groupmates for object neophobia, latency to feed in a novel environment and performance on an extractive foraging task. In each starling group, the fastest learners occupied the highest competitive ranks, supporting the hypothesis that cognitive ability is positively correlated with social dominance. Competitive rank orders, however, did not correlate significantly with agonistic rank orders. Situation-specific foraging neophobia was suggested: individuals showed consistency in their latencies to feed near a variety of novel objects, but no significant correlation was found between this measure of object neophobia and latency to feed in a novel environment. Starlings fastest to feed in the novel environment were fastest in solving the foraging task. We discuss the implications of these findings for researchers studying hierarchy formation in animal groups, social intelligence and animal personalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Agonistic Rank Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Agonistic Rank Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relation between social rank, neophobia and individual learning in starlings

2006

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“…Two broad types of methods can be used to produce a linear hierarchy (reviewed in de Vries 1998; also Jameson et al 1999;de Vries & Appleby 2000;Albers & de Vries 2001;Gammell et al 2003). In the first type the dominance matrix is reorganized such that a numerical criterion, calculated for the matrix as a whole, is minimized or maximized.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Gammell et al (2003) showed that David's score (David 1987(David , 1988 appears to be the most suitable of the proposed measures of individual overall success. David's score is based on an unweighted and a weighted sum of the individual's dyadic proportions of wins combined with an unweighted and a weighted sum of its dyadic proportions of losses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Measuring and testing the steepness of dominance hierarchies

2006

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In the analysis of social dominance in groups of animals, linearity has been used by many researchers as the main structural characteristic of a dominance hierarchy. In this paper we propose, alongside linearity, a quantitative measure for another property of a dominance hierarchy, namely its steepness. Steepness of a hierarchy is defined here as the absolute slope of the straight line fitted to the normalized David's scores (calculated on the basis of a dyadic dominance index corrected for chance) plotted against the subjects' ranks. This correction for chance is an improvement of an earlier proposal by de Vries (appendix 2 in de Vries, Animal Behaviour, 1998, 55, 827-843). In addition, we present a randomization procedure for determining the statistical significance of a hierarchy's steepness, which can be used to test the observed steepness against the steepness expected under the null hypothesis of random win chances for all pairs of individuals. Whereas linearity depends on the number of established binary dominance relationships and the degree of transitivity in these relationships, steepness measures the degree to which individuals differ from each other in winning dominance encounters. Linearity and steepness are complementary measures to characterize a dominance hierarchy.

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The functions of the “Greeting Ceremony” among male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) on Agaltepec Island, Mexico

Dias

Luna

Espinosa

2008

American J Primatol

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Nonhuman primates use greeting behaviors as nonaggressive communicatory signals in multiple social contexts. Adult male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) perform a ritual greeting that has been associated with bond-strengthening functions. The aim of this study is to explore the greeting patterns of male howlers living on Agaltepec Island, Mexico. Specifically, we analyzed the relationships between greetings and several individual, relational, and contextual variables, such as the expression of affiliation and agonism, dominance rank, age, kinship relationships, spatial organization, activity patterns, and subgrouping patterns. Greetings were more frequent between males with closer dominance ranks. Among those dyads that greeted at least once, dominant males initiated greetings more frequently than less-dominant males. On the other hand, more greetings were observed when one of the participants had recently returned to a subgroup and during locomotion. On the basis of these results, we propose that on Agaltepec greetings are a conflict management mechanism used between males of similar ranks. The fission-fusion social system of this group of howlers allows males with conflicting interests to remain separated, and greetings may reduce tension during fusion events.

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David's score: a more appropriate dominance ranking method than Clutton-Brock et al.'s index

Cited by 320 publications

References 17 publications

The relation between social rank, neophobia and individual learning in starlings

The relation between social rank, neophobia and individual learning in starlings

Measuring and testing the steepness of dominance hierarchies

The functions of the “Greeting Ceremony” among male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) on Agaltepec Island, Mexico

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