DATINK pilot study: An effective methodology for ballpoint pen ink dating in questioned documents

Román, I. San; Bartolomé, L.; Alonso, M.L.; Alonso, Rosa M.; Ezcurra, Magdalena

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.038

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the literature, we found that two different sheets of white paper with the same weight can influence the evaporation of 2-PE and in consequence the pen stroke dating. Until now, the literature 22,27,30,31 only used white paper with grammage varying from 75 up to 80 g m 2 in ballpoint ink dating studies. However, with growth of initiatives aimed at the recycling and preservation of natural resources, recycled paper will become a routine paper in offices, and the ageing behavior of pen inks in this kind of paper should be studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figures of Merit Evaluation of Gc/MS Method for Quantification of 2-Phenoxyethanol From Ballpoint Pen Ink Lines and Determination of the Influence of Support Paper on Solvent Extraction

Carvalho¹,

Ortiz²,

Limberger³

2018

Quim. Nova

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Brazilian Forensic Scientists are frequently asked about ballpoint pen manuscripts chronology in documents suspected to be forged. In the recent years, many methods like quantification of 2-PE (2-phenoxyethanol) have been developed on this subject. The validation of these methods only recently has been a concern between scientific forensic community. Researchers studied the behavior of ink on ageing, but few of them concerned about the influence of the paper on the extraction of 2-PE. This study performed the figures of merit evaluation of the quantification of 2-PE using GC/MS, testing the main parameters involved in the reliability of the method (linearity, repeatability, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness). After, based on a full factorial design with four factors and two repetitions, the authors tested kind of paper, grammage of paper, ink color and three ink ages, to verify the paper influence on the quantity of 2-PE from ink, trough GC/MS analysis. The merit parameters evaluation showed that the method is linear, precise, accurate and robust. The results for the effect of paper showed main effects of the factors and the existence of interactions effects between the kind of paper and paper grammage, and between the kind of paper and other factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figures of Merit Evaluation of Gc/MS Method for Quantification of 2-Phenoxyethanol From Ballpoint Pen Ink Lines and Determination of the Influence of Support Paper on Solvent Extraction

Carvalho¹,

Ortiz²,

Limberger³

2018

Quim. Nova

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show abstract

“…Finally, the extraction time (1, 5, 15, 30 and 45 min) and temperature (50 and 60 • C) were investigated by means of a four-step MHS-SPME procedure [37], Fig. 2e.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Mhs-spme Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This representation should be linear through successive extractions. Additionally, the correlation coefficient as well as the β value should also be examined to ensure the absence of possible undesirable matrix effect or any adsorption effect [37]. In this sense, seven successive extractions were carried out under previously optimized conditions.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Mhs-spme Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (Mhs-Spme) Methodology Applied to the Determination of Volatile Metabolites of Plasticizers in Human Urine

Alonso¹,

Román²,

Bartolomé³

et al. 2022

SSRN Journal

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“…A document may consist of several entries made at different times, and questions may arise about whether a particular entry was made at a purported time. The expert analysis of these documents that can provide information on the inks’ deposition date is complex and usually involves advanced chemical and physical analysis [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS Silylation Derivative Method to Characterise Black BIC® Ballpoint 2-Phenoxyethanol Ratio Evaporation Profile—A Contribution to Ink Ageing Estimation

et al. 2023

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One of the major challenges in forensic document analysis is estimating the age of ink deposition on a manually written document. The present work aims to develop and optimise a methodology, based on the evaporation of 2-phenoxyethanol (PE) over time, that can contribute to ink age estimation. A black BIC® Crystal Ballpoint Pen was purchased in a commercial area, and ink deposition began in September 2016 over 1095 days. For each ink sample, 20 microdiscs were subjected to n-hexane extraction in the presence of an internal standard (ethyl benzoate) followed by derivatisation with a silylation reagent. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was optimised for PE-trimethylsilyl (PE-TMS) to characterise the ageing curve. The developed method presented good linearity between 0.5 and 50.0 μg mL−1, as well as limits of detection and quantification of 0.026 and 0.104 μg mL−1, respectively. It was possible to characterise PE-TMS concentration over time, which reveals a two-phase decay behaviour. First, there was a substantial decline between the 1st and the 33rd day of deposition, followed a by a stabilisation of the signal, which allowed to detect the presence of PE-TMS up to 3 years. Two unknown compounds were also present and allowed to identify three dating time frames for the same ink stroke: (i) between time 0 and 33 days, (ii) between time 34 and 109 days, and (iii) more than 109 days. The developed methodology allowed to characterise the behaviour of PE over time and to establish a relative dating of three-time frames.

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DATINK pilot study: An effective methodology for ballpoint pen ink dating in questioned documents

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Figures of Merit Evaluation of Gc/MS Method for Quantification of 2-Phenoxyethanol From Ballpoint Pen Ink Lines and Determination of the Influence of Support Paper on Solvent Extraction

Figures of Merit Evaluation of Gc/MS Method for Quantification of 2-Phenoxyethanol From Ballpoint Pen Ink Lines and Determination of the Influence of Support Paper on Solvent Extraction

Multiple Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (Mhs-Spme) Methodology Applied to the Determination of Volatile Metabolites of Plasticizers in Human Urine

GC-MS Silylation Derivative Method to Characterise Black BIC® Ballpoint 2-Phenoxyethanol Ratio Evaporation Profile—A Contribution to Ink Ageing Estimation

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