Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study

Abstract

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. 1 Some of the earliest studies to describe the epidemiology of these infections were household cohort studies. [2][3][4][5][6][7] The largest of these were conducted in Seattle, Washington and Tecumseh, Michigan in the 1960s and 1970s 6,7 and they provided information on the relative frequency, seasonality and symptomatic characteristics of ARI shortly after many respiratory viruses were first identified. 7 Given that the role of household structure in seasonal incidence and transmission of respiratory viruses was the primary objective, an individual's longitudinal history of infection was not a major focus. Indeed, during the first phase of the Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness, households were maintained on report for only 1 year, and then gradually replaced so that the entire community could be represented over time. 8 These historical studies relied on cell culture for virus identification, a method that requires specimens to be processed quickly and is considerably less sensitive than current molecular methods. 9 For this reason, the Tecumseh study and others relied extensively on serodiagnosis of influenza infection using twice yearly blood specimens. 10 It was not possible to time infections in those who only were serologically positive, limiting the ability to do robust analyses of transmission patterns. 11 With current molecular techniques, it has become much easier to identify a broad range of agents of respiratory infection. This allows documentation of infection, co-infection and subsequent re-infection. Collecting specimens within a short time from the onset of symptoms still maximizes the likelihood of accurate and timely identification of viruses associated with a respiratory illness for studies of transmission and vaccine effectiveness. Collection of regular blood specimens continues to be valuable as well, for both virus identification and for analysis of serologic correlates of protection.The Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study is an ongoing prospective household cohort study that began in 2010. The HIVE Study was based on the original Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness 6 with several key modifications to illness surveillance and to laboratory methods for identification of respiratory viruses. While respiratory virus infections in general could be studied, the primary objective was to estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines using a cohort design for comparison with studies using the testnegative design (TND). Under the TND, specimens are collected from participants who meet a respiratory illness case V C The Author(s)

Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in the HIVE household cohort over 8 years: is there evidence of indirect protection?

“…These data include active surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ARI) from 3909 individuals from 911 distinct households, for a total of 9371 person-seasons. Recruitment and retention of participants has been previously described [12]. The HIVE study is approved by the institutional review board at the University of Michigan Medical School.…”

“…Surveillance for acute respiratory illness was carried out from October through May (2010-11 through 2014-15 seasons) or year-round (2015-16 through 2017-18 seasons), as previously described [12]. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by RT-PCR, including A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 subtypes and B(Yamagata) and B(Victoria) lineages, using protocols from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.…”

“…Influenza vaccination status was determined by a combination of self-report and documentation from electronic medical records (EMR) and the Michigan Care Improvement Registry (MCIR), as has been previously described [12][13][14][15]. We then calculated the proportion of vaccinated household members and the incidence of influenza virus infection each season and longitudinally (i.e.…”

Influenza B Viruses Exhibit Lower Within-Host Diversity than Influenza A Viruses in Human Hosts

“…Description of the HIVE cohort. The HIVE study is a prospective, community-based household cohort in southeastern Michigan based at the University of Michigan School of Public Health (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). The cohort was initiated in 2010, with enrollment of households with children occurring on an annual basis and an active surveillance period lasting from October through May.…”

Influenza B viruses exhibit lower within-host diversity than influenza A viruses in human hosts

“…The HIVE study is a prospective, community-based household cohort in Southeastern Michigan based at the University of Michigan School of Public Health (24–29). The cohort was initiated in 2010, with enrollment of households with children occurring on an annual basis and an active surveillance period lasting from October through May.…”