Data on and methodology for calculating space shuttle programme costs

Pielke, Roger A.

doi:10.1016/0265-9646(94)90042-6

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The Politics Of Space1

Introduction1

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2009

2022

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Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The Saturn launch vehicle and the shuttle had each cost about $46 billion (in 2006 dollars) to develop [20,41]. Neither vehicle had the capability to do what NASA proposes for the Constellation program; both were powerful but unacceptably expensive.…”

Section: The Politics Of Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Ships for this new ocean

Roland

2009

Futures

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Section: The Politics Of Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Ships for this new ocean

Roland

2009

Futures

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“…The cost of launching a kilogram of mass into Low Earth Orbit on the NASA space shuttle was in excess of $54,000 USD ( Pielke, 1994 ). Though this has decreased twenty-fold with the advent of commercial launch platforms ( Jones, 2018 ), spacecraft are still very constrained in terms of both mass and volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Soft Step: Bio-Inspired Artificial Muscle Mechanisms for Space Applications

et al. 2022

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Soft robots, devices with deformable bodies and powered by soft actuators, may fill a hitherto unexplored niche in outer space. All space-bound payloads are heavily limited in terms of mass and volume, due to the cost of launch and the size of spacecraft. Being constructed from stretchable materials allows many possibilities for compacting soft robots for launch and later deploying into a much larger volume, through folding, rolling, and inflation. This morphability can also be beneficial for adapting to operation in different environments, providing versatility, and robustness. To be truly soft, a robot must be powered by soft actuators. Dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs) offer many advantages as artificial muscles. They are lightweight, have a high work density, and are capable of artificial proprioception. Taking inspiration from nature, in particular the starfish podia, we present here bio-inspired inflatable DET actuators powering low-mass robots capable of performing complex motion that can be compacted to a fraction of their operating size.

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Economic Aspects of Space Access

Sforza

2016

Manned Spacecraft Design Principles

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Data on and methodology for calculating space shuttle programme costs

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Ships for this new ocean

Ships for this new ocean

One Soft Step: Bio-Inspired Artificial Muscle Mechanisms for Space Applications

Economic Aspects of Space Access

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