“…There have been extensive research works in the literatures on maintaining temporal validity and freshness of real-time data objects (Labrinidis and Roussopoulos, 2001;Xiong and Ramamritham, 2004;Xiong et al, 2005Xiong et al, , 2006aHan et al, 2009Han et al, , 2008Xiong et al, 2008aXiong et al, , 2010Lam et al, 2004;Ahmed and Vrbsky, 2000;Gustafsson and Hansson, 2004;Jun et al, 2008). Many of them use periodic update transactions to provide a guarantee in data validity, i.e., the data objects are valid throughout the whole operation period of a system.…”