Data lifecycle of underground land administration: a systematic literature review

Modelling underground cadastral survey data in CityGML

“…Adding other information related to underground cadastral surveying such as accuracy (as specified by the Chief Parliamentary Counsel, 2018) and administrative information (survey header) can enrich the developed data model. There exist various types of underground assets that can be captured using different data acquisition methods such as non‐destructive methods and tools (e.g., ground penetrating radar [GPR] which is based on measuring the delay and power of electromagnetic signals to capture underground data [Saeidian et al, 2023]) for buried underground assets like utilities and traditional surveying using Total Stations and laser scanners for underground assets like tunnels, train station, basements, and walkways. Some of these data acquisition methods such as non‐destructive methods are specific for buried underground assets and their elements can be different from traditional land surveying.…”

“…Previous studies described the applications and benefits of a 3D integrated model (Aien et al, 2015; Saeidian et al, 2023). Saeidian et al (2021) considered three approaches for developing a 3D integrated data model.…”

“…To answer this question, it is first necessary to define the ownership of underground space clearly and secondly model it precisely and correctly. The first part is related to the legal aspects of Underground Land Administration (ULA), but the second part is a technical matter (Saeidian et al, 2023). The development of a 3D land administration model is a technical part that studies the process of adding 3D legal objects in a data model (Hassan & Abdul Rahman, 2011).…”

“…Although some data models such as LandInfra and LADM are rich in defining survey elements and legal data, prominent 3D physical data models such as IFC and CityGML have also their use cases and benefits for ULA as discussed in some studies (Atazadeh et al, 2022; Saeidian et al, 2023). Therefore, these data models have been extended to model underground legal data in order to provide a 3D integrated digital model which defines the physical reality of underground assets and their corresponding legal spaces and boundaries.…”

Implementation of the LADM-Based Cadastral Model for Mongolia towards Transition to a 3D Cadastre

“…In particular, building LADM-based profiles to solve their cadastral issues [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]; transiting from 2D to 3D cadastre in several countries [7,8,10,[14][15][16][17] with giving emphasis on the registration of 3D strata objects, such as buildings and premises, with parcels in this context [18,19]. In addition, extending the LADM country profile was considered for agricultural land management [20], utility network cadastre [21,22], and underground land administration [23][24][25]. Furthermore, a review of more LADM country profiles is given in [26], including some of the profiles mentioned here.…”