Data Hiding Scheme Based on Quad General Difference Expansion Cluster

Abstract

For some periods, information technology has developed, but there are some issues with its data security. For this reason, exploring the data hiding method is relevant, which is an appropriate study in the information concealment paradigm. Several factors must be considered in its implementation, such as the capacity of the confidential data and the quality of the generated stego file. Nevertheless, it is difficult to solve those two problems simultaneously in actual application. We often need to choose either one of them, which is more suitable for a specific environment. In this research, those problems are approached by extending the Quad General Difference Expansion Cluster (QGDEC) method combined with fuzzy logic in the image environment. We use the cluster in the QGDEC, which aims to ensure that the pixel difference is not significant so that the quality of the stego can be maintained. The confidential data can be embedded in multiple layers based on several image characteristics, which can be processed using fuzzy logic. The result of the experiment denotes that the proposed method obtains about 20 dB higher than that of the previous ones regarding the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) for the same capacity of the secret. It depicts that the proposed method is more applicable than the previous ones by considering the specific message size and its respective characteristics.

Cluster Analysis of Japanese Whiskey Product Review Using K-Means Clustering

“…A cluster is defined by the position of the center in the n-dimensional space of the Attributes of the ExampleSet [21][22][23][24][25]. Some researchers use process clustering in their research to obtain valid results [26][27][28][29][30]. The similarity between Examples is based on a distance measure between them.…”

Enhancing Secret Data Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks With Fuzzy Edge Detection

“…The fuzzy logic type 1 (FT1), which is selected in this work based on state-of-the-art works such as [21], consists of a set B from the universe U ranging from 0 to 1, which belongs to a function that is continuous mathematically expressed as 𝜇 𝐵 : 𝑈 → [0, 1]. Let 𝐵, the fuzzy membership function noted as 𝜇 𝐵 (𝑢), we mathematically express the function 𝐵 as of (1).…”

“…These filters remain unaltered during the training phase, rendering the layer nontrainable. The arrangement of the convolutional layers during this phase is as such: maintaining "same" padding and utilizing strides of (1,1). This setup utilizes 30 filters, the details of which are expounded upon later, and employs a 𝟑 × 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑯 activation function mathematically expressed in (30).…”

“…Steganography stands as both a method and an artistic endeavour to conceal confidential communication within seemingly ordinary digital content such as digital images [1], [2], audio [3], [4] and video [5]. Unlike steganography, steganalysis is counter-art aiming to identify whether concealed messages are present within publicly transmitted media [6].…”

Pixel-block-based Steganalysis Method for Hidden Data Location in Digital Images

“…Image steganography is a technique used in secret communication to hide confidential data within ordinary cover media such as images [1], video [2], audio [3], and text [4]. In digital images, the modified pixel values in stego images are subtly altered, making them difficult to discern from the original images [5][6][7][8]. With image steganalysis, the objective is to identify the traces of embedding or even attempt to recover the concealed information in a reverse steganography process [9], as illustrated in Fig.…”