Data hiding in partially encrypted HEVC video

Xu, Dawen

doi:10.4218/etrij.2018-0484

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It collects sign bits of each transform coefficient of I frames until the collected signs reached 256 bits. However, it is not clear in the proposed [25] proposed to perform data hiding inside the selected encrypted bitstream of HEVC. The secret message is hidden using a quantized transform coefficient (QTC) modification technique.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Encryption of the Versatile Video Coding Standard

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Versatile video coding (VVC) is the next generation video coding standard developed by the joint video experts team (JVET) and released in July 2020. VVC introduces several new coding tools providing a significant coding gain over the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. It is well known that increasing the coding efficiency adds more dependencies in the video bitstream making formatcompliant encryption with the standard more challenging. In this paper we tackle the problem of selective encryption of the VVC standard in format-compliant and constant bitrate. These two constraints ensure that the encrypted bitstream can be decoded by any VVC decoder while the bitrate remains unchanged by the encryption. The selective encryption of all possible VVC syntax elements is investigated. A new algorithm is proposed to encrypt in format-compliant and constant bitrate the transform coefficients (TCs) together with other syntax elements at the level of the entropy encoder. The proposed solution was integrated and assessed under the VVC reference software model version 6.0. Experimental results showed that encryption drastically decreases the video quality while the encryption is robust against several types of attacks. The encryption space is estimated in the range of 15% to 26% of the bitstream size resulting in a lightweight encryption process. The web page of this work is publicly available at https://gugautie.github.io/sevvc/.INDEX TERMS Versatile Video Coding, joint crypto-compression, selective encryption, video security.

show abstract

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Encryption of the Versatile Video Coding Standard

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…All these solutions embed data in encrypted videos and were summarized in the introduction. The work in [23] encrypts the sign bits of nonzero quantized coefficients and motion vector differences. Consequently, data hiding is performed in the encrypted domain by modifying absolute level of quantized DCT coefficients.…”

Section: 3s 300smentioning

confidence: 99%

HEVC Video Encryption With High Capacity Message Embedding by Altering Picture Reference Indices and Motion Vectors

Shanableh

2022

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A high capacity message embedding in encrypted HEVC video is proposed in this paper. The challenges addressed in this paper include keeping the encrypted video compliant with standardized decoders, correctly decrypting the video and finally, correctly extracting the message bits. The message embedding is achieved by altering the values of reference picture indices and motion vectors which results in scrambled video. Sixteen picture references are used in this work and therefore, combined with alteration of motion vectors, a maximum of six message bits can be embedded per coding unit. Motion vectors are altered by swapping their x and y components and/or changing their signs. This is achieved with full compliance with the HEVC video syntax. To extract message bits, an authorized decoder builds a classification model per video sequence and uses it for predicting the true values of the reference indices and motion vectors. As such, message bits are extracted and the video is correctly reconstructed to its unscrambled state. Coding units that result in misclassification are identified at the encoder and excluded from message embedding. This results in slightly lower embedding rates but ensures accurate video reconstruction. Using nine video sequences of various resolutions that are compressed using four different quantization parameters, the experimental results revealed that the true average message embedding rate is 2.7 bits per coding unit or 173 kbit/s. This is achieved with accurate video reconstruction at the expense of increasing the bitrate of the encoder by 3%. Comparison with existing work shows that the proposed solution is superior in terms of embedding capacity whilst reducing the excessive bitrate of the encoder.

show abstract

“…These sequences are used to encrypt all previously mentioned parameters with a simple eXclusive OR (XOR) operation. Xu [23] proposed to perform data hiding inside the selected encrypted bitstream of HEVC. The secret message is hidden using a quantized transform coefficient (QTC) modification technique.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Encryption of the Versatile Video Coding Standard

Gautier¹,

FarajAllah²,

Hamidouche³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Versatile video coding (VVC) is the next generation video coding standard developed by the joint video experts team (JVET) and released in July 2020. VVC introduces several new coding tools providing a significant coding gain over the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. It is well known that increasing the coding efficiency adds more dependencies in the video bitstream making format-compliant encryption with the standard more challenging. In this paper we tackle the problem of selective encryption of the VVC standard in format-compliant and constant bitrate. These two constraints ensure that the encrypted bitstream can be decoded by any VVC decoder while the bitrate remains unchanged by the encryption. The selective encryption of all possible VVC syntax elements is investigated. A new algorithm is proposed to encrypt in format-compliant and constant bitrate the transform coefficients (TCs) together with other syntax elements at the level of the entropy encoder. The proposed solution was integrated and assessed under the VVC reference software model version 6.0. Experimental results showed that the encryption drastically decreases the video quality while the encryption is robust against several types of attacks. The encryption space is estimated in the range of 15% to 26% of the bitstream size resulting in a lightweight encryption process. The web page of this work is available at https://gugautie.github.io/sevvc/.

show abstract

Data hiding in partially encrypted HEVC video

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Selective Encryption of the Versatile Video Coding Standard

Selective Encryption of the Versatile Video Coding Standard

HEVC Video Encryption With High Capacity Message Embedding by Altering Picture Reference Indices and Motion Vectors

Selective Encryption of the Versatile Video Coding Standard

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About