Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey national stream water-quality monitoring networks (WQN) on CD-ROM

Alexander, Richard B.; Slack, James Richard; Ludtke, Amy S.; Fitzgerald, K.K.; Schertz, Terry L.

doi:10.3133/ofr96337

Cited by 44 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…Placed in the context of US surface waters, these are more than trace concentrations. We evaluated the distribution of chloride concentrations in the stream water quality survey data from the US Geological Survey covering data from 425 sites in operation from 1983 to 1992. Records ( n = 32 894) were used that had: 1) measurements for all major cations; 2) a charge imbalance of no more than 10%; 3) a hardness ≥ 10 mg/L and ≤ 400 mg/L as CaCO 3 ; and 4) pH no lower than 6.0.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains ofHyalella azteca

Soucek

Mount

Dickinson

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The strain of Hyalella azteca (Saussure: Amphipoda) commonly used for aquatic toxicity testing in the United States has been shown to perform poorly in some standardized reconstituted waters frequently used for other test species. In 10-d and 42-d experiments, the growth and reproduction of the US laboratory strain of H. azteca was shown to vary strongly with chloride concentration in the test water, with declining performance observed below 15 mg/L to 20 mg/L. In contrast to the chloride-dependent performance of the US laboratory strain of H. azteca, growth of a genetically distinct strain of H. azteca obtained from an Environment Canada laboratory in Burlington, Ontario, Canada, was not influenced by chloride concentration. In acute toxicity tests with the US laboratory strain of H. azteca, the acute toxicity of sodium nitrate increased with decreasing chloride in a pattern similar not only to that observed for control growth, but also to previous acute toxicity testing with sodium sulfate. Subsequent testing with the Burlington strain showed no significant relationship between chloride concentration and the acute toxicity of sodium nitrate or sodium sulfate. These findings suggest that the chloride-dependent toxicity shown for the US laboratory strain may be an unusual feature of that strain and perhaps not broadly representative of aquatic organisms as a whole.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains ofHyalella azteca

Soucek

Mount

Dickinson

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The highest NH 4 + levels were quite high. As a basis for comparison, the range of average [NH 4 + ] concentrations in 681 U.S. streams, some of which are subject to intensive agricultural and urban inputs was just 0–5.5 mg L −1 [ Alexander et al , 1996]. In canals A1‐6, [NH 4 + ] followed a similar pattern to [NO 3 − ], peaking during winter and spring irrigation and fertilization events.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns and controls of nitrous oxide emissions from waters draining a subtropical agricultural valley

Harrison

Matson

2003

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

105

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[1] Although nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission from agricultural runoff is thought to constitute a globally important source of this greenhouse gas, N 2 O flux from polluted aquatic systems is poorly understood and scarcely reported, especially in low-latitude (0°-30°) regions where rapid agricultural intensification is occurring. We measured N 2 O emissions, dissolved N 2 O concentrations, and factors likely to control rates of N 2 O production in drainage canals receiving agricultural and mixed agricultural/urban inputs from the intensively farmed Yaqui Valley of Sonora, Mexico. Average per-area N 2 O flux in both purely agricultural and mixed urban/agricultural drainage systems (16.5 ng N 2 O-N cm À2 hr À1 ) was high compared to other fresh water fluxes, and extreme values ranged up to 244.6 ng N 2 O-N cm À2 hr À1 . These extremely high N 2 O fluxes occurred during green algae blooms, when organic carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen concentrations were high, and only in canals receiving pig-farm and urban inputs, suggesting an important link between land-use and N 2 O emissions. N 2 O concentrations and fluxes correlated significantly with water column concentrations of nitrate, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, ammonium, and chlorophyll a, and a multiple linear regression model including ammonium, dissolved organic carbon, and particulate organic carbon was the best predictor of [N 2 O] (r 2 = 52%). Despite high per-area N 2 O fluxes, our estimate of regional N 2 O emission from surface drainage (20,869 kg N 2 O-N yr À1 ; 0.046% of N-fertilizer inputs) was low compared to values predicted by algorithms used in global budgets.

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“…The concentrations of Ca and Mg in natural surface waters in the United States (including Alaska, Hawaii, and territories) were obtained from data in the national stream water quality monitoring networks. The data included Hydrologic Bench Mark and National Stream Quality Accounting Network databases for 1962 to 1995 [23,24]. The Ca:Mg ratio of natural surface waters in the water quality monitoring networks database ranged from 0.2 to 13, with a median value of 2.05 (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative importance of calcium and magnesium in hardness‐based modification of copper toxicity

Welsh

Lipton

Chapman

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We cause of the relationship between water hardness and the toxicity of many metals, total hardness is used as a model parameter to calculate ambient water quality criteria for copper and other metals. However, the relative contribution of the Ca and Mg components of total hardness as modifiers of metals toxicity is not considered in the water quality criteria. Acute Cu toxicity was measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) swim‐up fry in laboratory waters that were formulated to have similar total hardness and alkalinity but different Ca and Mg concentrations. Experiments were performed at nominal total hardness values of 40 and 90 mg/L (as CaCO3). In four paired toxicity tests, acute Cu toxicity was significantly lower, i.e., 96‐h LC50s were higher, in laboratory waters containing proportionately more Ca (Ca:Mg molar ratios of 1.5–5.2) than in waters containing less Ca (Ca:Mg molar ratios of 0.2–0.8). The relative increase in the 96‐h Cu LC50 at higher Ca concentrations, but similar total hardness concentrations, was between 28 and 86% when the low Ca treatment was similar to American Society for Testing and Materials laboratory water (Ca:Mg molar ratio = 0.7). Failure to account for differences in Ca when matching or adjusting for total hardness thus exerts an important influence on the prediction of metal toxicity. These differences must be addressed in water‐effect ratio testing in which paired tests with laboratory and site waters are conducted.

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Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey national stream water-quality monitoring networks (WQN) on CD-ROM

Cited by 44 publications

References 121 publications

Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains ofHyalella azteca

Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains ofHyalella azteca

Patterns and controls of nitrous oxide emissions from waters draining a subtropical agricultural valley

Relative importance of calcium and magnesium in hardness‐based modification of copper toxicity

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