Data for serum 1,5 anhydroglucitol concentration in different populations

Abstract

1,5 anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), is a nonmetabolized 1-deoxy form of glucose, originate mainly from the diet. 1,5-AG is a biomarker to detect and magnify hyperglycemic excursions (postprandial hyperglycemia) in diabetic patients. Concentrations of 1,5-AG has been applied as supporting biomarker to diagnosis of the major forms of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational). The serum 1,5-AG reference interval is relevant to the appropriate clinical application of this biomarker. This article contains data regards to serum concentration of the biomarker primarily for healthy subjects, capture from the literature, in different populations. Correlation analysis between 1,5-AG and markers associated with diabetes and its complication were presented. The data was complementary to the study “Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol in children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant women” (Welter et al., 2018). The data present in this article improve the comparisons for 1,5-AG in different conditions and methodologies.

Review of methods for detecting glycemic disorders

“…4.9% of previously considered healthy individuals had a 1,5-AG concentration <10 ug/mL, the cut-off for defining exposure to hyperglycemia, potentially representing a subset of the population with higher post-prandial glycemic peaks. Published reference values in various populations, while showing differences in the healthy reference range, do not alter 10 µg/mL as the threshold for exposure to hyperglycemia [340]. Demographic differences in 1,5-AG concentrations may be due to non-glycemic causes such as dietary or other determinants including rate of glucose digestion, enteric uptake and possibly genetic variants conditioning these factors [340,341].…”

“…Published reference values in various populations, while showing differences in the healthy reference range, do not alter 10 µg/mL as the threshold for exposure to hyperglycemia [340]. Demographic differences in 1,5-AG concentrations may be due to non-glycemic causes such as dietary or other determinants including rate of glucose digestion, enteric uptake and possibly genetic variants conditioning these factors [340,341].…”

Immunological evidence for in vivo production of novel advanced glycation end-products from 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, a glycogen metabolite

“…We used the HepG2 human HCC cell line to assess the effects of intracellular AF-AGEs. In humans, the serum 1,5-AG concentration was reported to be 0.032–0.367 mM 20 , and the rate of 1,5-AF incorporation is approximately two orders of magnitude slower than that of 1,5-AG incorporation 21,22 . Accordingly, exposure to 1,5-AF at the millimolar level (5–25 mM) is considered to be an appropriate concentration for cultured cells.…”

“…K-562 human erythroleukemia cells were reported to take up 1,5-AF, even though 1,5-AF incorporation was very slow, being approximately two orders of magnitude slower than 1,5-AG incorporation 21,22 . The serum 1,5-AG concentrations of healthy subjects from different populations was reported to be 0.032–0.367 mM 20 . Therefore, treatment with 1,5-AF at millimolar concentrations (5–25 mM; predicted intracellular concentration of about 0.05–0.25 mM) was considered to be reasonable for experiments with cultured cells.…”

Hypothesis: A Novel Neuroprotective Role for Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC3) in Brain—To Maintain Energy-Dependent Functions Including Cognitive Processes

“…Elderly normal adults of both genders had higher serum AG levels than those in elderly diabetic patients. The presence of AG in serum of healthy children, adolescents, young-and middleaged adults, pregnant women, and subjects of many nationalities is well established [63]. Localization of AG in human CSF at levels close to that in plasma suggests its transport from blood or generation within the brain.…”