DATA: Diafiltration Apparatus for high-Throughput Analysis

Ouimet, Jonathan Aubuchon; Liu, Xinhong; Brown, Drew M.; Eugene, Elvis A.; Popps, Tylar; Muetzel, Zachary W.; Dowling, Alexander W.; Phillip, William A.

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119743

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As demonstrated by prior experiments, a key advantage of staged designs is that they facilitate the continuous operation of diafiltration processes. ,, Therefore, within the superstructure (Figure ), we assume the system operates continuously at steady state. Additionally, we assume the membrane performance is adequately characterized by a constant water flux J w , which is supported by prior experimental validation. , Likewise, we assume the sieving coefficients and are constant, which holds for some nanofiltration membranes but breaks down for others. ,, It is easy mathematically to accommodate concentration-dependent sieving coefficients in the optimization framework, although experimentally developing and validating such correlations is left for future work. The goal of this study is to understand module and cascade design trade-offs as a function of these membrane performance metrics.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, we assume the membrane performance is adequately characterized by a constant water flux J w , which is supported by prior experimental validation. 33,34 Likewise, we assume the sieving coefficients S Li + and S Co 2+ are constant, which holds for some nanofiltration membranes 33 but breaks down for others. 19,69,70 It is easy mathematically to accommodate concentration-dependent sieving coefficients in the optimization framework, although experimentally developing and validating such correlations is left for future work.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This management of the concentration profiles allows for the staging of membrane modules to form diafiltration cascades that enable the recovery of retentate and permeate streams enriched in the less permeable and more permeable solute, respectively. Yet, since development starting in the 1960s, − diafiltration has only expanded to niche applications that require high-purity, high-value products such as protein purification and in the food and beverage industry . In this study, we propose a novel diafiltration membrane process to recover lithium and cobalt in high-purity from a leach liquor without extreme operating conditions or harsh solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Diafiltration Membrane Cascades Enable Green Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wamble

Eugene

Phillip

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Novel processes are urgently needed to recycle critical materials (e.g., cobalt, lithium, nickel, and manganese) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These separations are vital both to meet growing global demand and to mitigate a looming e-waste crisis. Currently, to recover cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs, high temperatures and organic solvents are used to separate Co2+ and Li+ in complex leaching and extraction processes. In contrast to using expensive designer ligands or harmful organic solvents, this work reveals that continuous membrane cascades are a promising aqueous-based alternative to recover these critical materials and facilitate their reuse. A superstructure optimization model that designs diafiltration cascades to maximize material recovery and purity as a function of membrane material performance and feed specifications is developed. This approach enables the comparison of candidate membrane materials by rapidly predicting the Pareto optimal trade-offs between the recovery and purity of lithium and cobalt for bespoke cascade designs. For example, the model predicts that, when deployed in an optimized two-stage cascade configuration, a nanofiltration membrane with a modest selectivity of 32 can be used to recover 95% Li+ and 99% Co2+ at 93 and 99.5 wt % purity, respectively. On the basis of analysis of over 1000 Pareto optimal designs, six design heuristics for executing binary separations using staged diafiltration cascades are proposed. Moreover, by evaluating membrane materials in the context of optimized diafiltration processes, this work quantifies the benefits of materials improvements and shows that the greatest research opportunities for membrane-based LIB recycling are at the device and systems scales. More broadly, the optimization models represent a robust framework for identifying the most effective way to deploy emerging materials in integrated process systems. This transformative capability is widely applicable to many of the separations needed to support sustainable global development.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Diafiltration Membrane Cascades Enable Green Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wamble

Eugene

Phillip

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The design and operation of the diafiltration apparatus has been described within our previous work. 33 In summary, the apparatus seen within Figure S1 modifies a dead-end filtration stirred cell to introduce a diafiltrate solution into the retentate at a volumetric flux equal to that of the permeate crossing the membrane. The scintillation vial sits on an OHAUS balance that is connected to a computer which records the timedependent mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staged Diafiltration Cascades Provide Opportunities to Execute Highly Selective Separations

Kilmartin

Ouimet

Dowling

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Improved solute selectivity, an issue commonly approached through the development of advanced membrane materials, can be achieved through staged diafiltration processes. A mathematical model that describes the solute concentration profile within a single diafiltration module is developed and experimentally validated. For this module, where the diafiltrate is introduced uniformly over its length, a critical diafiltrate flux that results in the retentate concentration remaining constant during operations is identified. The model is then extended to examine two configurations of multistage diafiltration cascades: stripping sections and rectifying sections. The two configurations differ based on the connectivity between stages. Namely, stripping sections connect multiple modules by utilizing the retentate from one stage as the feed to the subsequent stage while the permeate is repurposed as the diafiltrate. In contrast, rectifying sections utilize the permeate from one stage as the feed to the subsequent stage and the retentate becomes the diafiltrate. For cascades that operate with a constant diafiltrate to feed flow ratio for all stages, the analysis demonstrates that stripping sections can reduce the diafiltrate consumed when separating low molar mass impurities from larger, impermeable molecules. On the other hand, cascades in a rectifying section configuration can improve the separation of two solutes with finite sieving coefficients between 0 and 1. Finally, asymmetric cascades, i.e., systems in which each stage has a unique diafiltrate to feed flow ratio, are shown to be capable of improving the recovery and purity of solutes in effluent streams relative to systems that operate at constant a diafiltrate to feed ratio. As a whole, the study highlights that the continued advancement of membrane separations will rely equally on thoughtful module and process design as well as the development of new materials.

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“…Therefore, examining the dependencies of L p and B in the context of other structural and chemical analysis can inform the relationships needed to design next generation polymer membranes. For example, while B for some membranes is independent of the solute concentration, other membranes (e.g., charge-functionalized membranes) exhibit concentration-dependent B values. , Quantifying these dependencies can help identify underlying transport mechanisms and accelerate material development …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device for the Acquisition of Dynamic Data Enables the Rapid Characterization of Polymer Membranes

Muetzel

Ouimet

Phillip

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Creating systems and techniques capable of reducing the time, energy, and resources needed to characterize the transport properties of polymer membranes can help to increase the rate of material and process development. Within this study, commercially available hardware and 3D-printed parts are integrated with a graphical user interface to develop an apparatus that automates the characterization of membrane transport properties. The system synchronizes the collection of the mass, concentration, and pressure data required to determine the hydraulic permeability and solute permeability coefficients. Automating the data collection and shutdown processes removes the need for a researcher to be present after the start of the experiment, effectively reducing the demand on their time by 40% per experiment. Moreover, the experiments generate more information than standard approaches by identifying the concentration dependencies of the transport coefficients. As an example, diafiltration experiments executed using the acquisition of dynamic data (ADD) device quantified MgCl 2 rejection by charge-functionalized poly[trifluoroethyl methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate] membranes over a range of retentate concentrations from 5 to 65 mM MgCl 2 . A single diafiltration experiment corroborated previously reported data, collected from a series of one-off filtration experiments, on membranes functionalized with hexamethylene diamine moieties. Membranes functionalized with ethylene diamine and trimethylolpropane tris[poly(propylene glycol), amine terminated] ether were also analyzed. High-throughput diafiltration experiments were able to elucidate the distinct concentration-dependent rejection profiles that resulted from these changes to the membrane chemistry. The versatility of the ADD device was highlighted by adapting it to characterize membrane sorbents using constant volumetric flux breakthrough experiments. Ultimately, the ability of this device to characterize functional polymer membranes will aid in the development of fundamental insights that connect macroscopic membrane properties with macromolecular design.

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DATA: Diafiltration Apparatus for high-Throughput Analysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 48 publications

Optimal Diafiltration Membrane Cascades Enable Green Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Optimal Diafiltration Membrane Cascades Enable Green Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Staged Diafiltration Cascades Provide Opportunities to Execute Highly Selective Separations

Device for the Acquisition of Dynamic Data Enables the Rapid Characterization of Polymer Membranes

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