Data collection for the estimation of ecological data (specific focal species, time spent in treated areas collecting food, composition of diet), residue level and residue decline on food items to be used in the risk assessment for birds and mammals

Lahr, J.; Krämer, Wolfgang; Mazerolles, Vanessa; Poulsen, Véronique; Jölli, Daniela; Müller, Marc; McVey, Emily; Wassenberg, Jacoba; Derkx, M.P.M.; Brouwer, Ans; Deneer, J.W.; Beltman, W.H.J.; Lammertsma, D.R.; Jansman, H.A.H.; Buij, Ralph

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.en-1513

Cited by 13 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The DT50 values were in the range of 0.1 to 60 days (median, 4 days; 80th percentile, 10 days). In a more recent data compilation, over 2000 data sets of pesticide decline have been evaluated 19 . When selecting those datasets from crop studies that investigated residues in commodities for human consumption (105 datasets for 48 different a.s.), half‐lives ranged from 0.9 to 69 days (median, 5 days; 80th percentile, 12 days).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a more recent data compilation, over 2000 data sets of pesticide decline have been evaluated. 19 When selecting those datasets from crop studies that investigated residues in commodities for human consumption (105 datasets for 48 different a.s.), half-lives ranged from 0.9 to 69 days (median, 5 days; 80th percentile, 12 days). Another review of 278 residue trials on grass and leafy crops for a selection of 30 currently used a.s. yielded similar median and 90th percentile dissipation half-lives (3.3 and 7.9 days, respectively).…”

Section: Estimation Of Residue Decline Over Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For regulatory purposes, however, a more conservative assessment of potential consumer exposure might be required. Thus, we also simulated decline curves assuming day 0-residues based on the 90th percentiles 13 in combination with the 80th percentile DT50 of 12 days as derived from Lahr et al 19 The accordingly calculated concentrations consistently overestimated measured Residues measured directly after application (day 0) and then normalized to an application rate of 1 kg ha -1 (C 0,norm ) for the co-formulants DMDA, docusate, DBNS, SDS, and the active substances spiroxamine and trifloxystrobin, in comparison to day 0-residues as reported in Maclachlan and Hamilton. 13 Leek, leaf and head lettuce, and apple: median values (solid lines).…”

Section: Estimation Of Residue Decline Over Timementioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnitude and decline of pesticide co‐formulant residues in vegetables and fruits: results from field trials compared to estimated values

Balmer

Janser

Schaller

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND The application of plant protection products (PPPs) leads to the formation of residues in treated crops. Even though PPPs contain considerable amounts of co‐formulants, regulation and monitoring of residues normally focus on the active substances (a.s.) only. For our study we selected four commonly used co‐formulants (three anionic surfactants and one organic solvent) and investigated the formation and decline of residues in vegetables and apples under field conditions. The aims were to characterize the behavior of co‐formulant residues on crops and to provide a basis for future investigations on consumer exposure. RESULTS The development of robust and sensitive analytical methods allowed the quantification of residues in the low μg/kg‐level. After treatment with PPPs, co‐formulants were detected up to approximately 10 mg kg–1 in vegetables. In general, these residues declined fast with half‐lives of a few days. Wash‐off and volatilization were identified as important removal processes for anionic surfactants and the organic solvent, respectively. However, in specific crops (parsley and celery), organic solvent residues were still considerable (≈2 mg kg–1) 2 weeks after treatment. We further demonstrate that it is feasible to estimate co‐formulant residues using publicly available data on pesticide a.s. CONCLUSION To date no information on co‐formulant residues in food is available. The findings from our field trials, as well as the presented approach for the prediction of residues, provide key elements for future consideration of consumer exposure to PPP co‐formulants. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of Residue Decline Over Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of Residue Decline Over Timementioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnitude and decline of pesticide co‐formulant residues in vegetables and fruits: results from field trials compared to estimated values

Balmer

Janser

Schaller

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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“…Residues data in flying insects were available from an EFSA supporting publication (by Lahr et al., ). The studies were evaluated by the authors of the supporting publication as useful for risk assessment ‐except the study with fenoxycarb (by Stahlschmidt and Brühl, ) which was considered as less reliable because of lack of replicates, no checking of stability of the samples and no reporting of meteorological data.…”

Section: Comparison Of Toxicity and Exposure Estimates Between Birds/mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific statement on the coverage of bats by the current pesticide risk assessment for birds and mammals

Residues¹,

Hernández‐Jerez²,

Adriaanse³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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Bats are an important group of mammals, frequently foraging in farmland and potentially exposed to pesticides. This statement considers whether the current risk assessment performed for birds and ground dwelling mammals exposed to pesticides is also protective of bats. Three main issues were addressed. Firstly, whether bats are toxicologically more or less sensitive than the most sensitive birds and mammals. Secondly, whether oral exposure of bats to pesticides is greater or lower than in ground dwelling mammals and birds. Thirdly, whether there are other important exposure routes relevant to bats. A large variation in toxicological sensitivity and no relationship between sensitivity of bats and bird or mammal test-species to pesticides could be found. In addition, bats have unique traits, such as echolocation and torpor which can be adversely affected by exposure to pesticides and which are not covered by the endpoints currently selected for wild mammal risk assessment. The current exposure assessment methodology was used for oral exposure and adapted to bats using bat-specific parameters. For oral exposure, it was concluded that for most standard risk assessment scenarios the current approach did not cover exposure of bats to pesticide residues in food. Calculations of potential dermal exposure for bats foraging during spraying operations suggest that this may be a very important exposure route. Dermal routes of exposure should be combined with inhalation and oral exposure. Based on the evidence compiled, the Panel concludes that bats are not adequately covered by the current risk assessment approach, and that there is a need to develop a bat-specific risk assessment scheme. In general, there was scarcity of data to assess the risks for bat exposed to pesticides. Recommendations for research are made, including identification of alternatives to laboratory testing of bats to assess toxicological effects.

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“…For this purpose, the current European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance document (GD) on risk assessment for birds and mammals (EFSA 2009) provides the general procedures to assess the risks to birds and mammals. The GD is intended to be revised in the near future (Lahr et al 2018; EFSA 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residue Levels of Pesticides on Fruits for Use in Wildlife Risk Assessments

Schabacker¹,

Hahne

Ludwigs³

et al. 2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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The guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals (GD) provides generic residue values of pesticides on potential diet items for use in wildlife risk assessments. For most diet items, these values are based on a large number of residue studies. However, the default residues per unit dose (RUD; standardized for application of 1 kg substance per hectare) values for fruits were taken from a few literature trials of unclear relevance for regulatory purposes. These trials were conducted according to neither current European Union (EU) agricultural practice nor to recommendations given in the GD about how to conduct wildlife‐relevant residue studies. Therefore, field study data on fruit residue levels from applications of pesticides in fruiting crops were compiled and evaluated. Corresponding studies had been conducted during the last 26 y in the EU. In the final data set, 291 studies provided 1002 residue values in different fruits, including grapes, berries (currants, raspberries, gooseberries), fruits from orchards (apple, peach, pear, lemon, mandarin, orange, apricot, cherry, plum), gourds (pumpkins, cucumbers, squash, melons), and strawberries. This data set provides a basis for revising registration‐relevant RUD values for fruits as potential diet items for birds and mammals in environmental wildlife risk assessments. The objective of this study was to estimate the resulting residue levels in different fruits determined under field conditions following the application of pesticides across their growing areas within the EU in diverse climatic areas that can be used directly in wildlife risk assessments. The large data set of usually about more than 100 residue values per “fruit group,” all evaluated at EU member state level, revealed significantly lower RUDs compared to the current default RUDs presented in the GD. These new RUD values for fruits should be considered for use as default values in future bird and mammal risk assessments and in respective guidance documents. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:552–561. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology Chemistry (SETAC)

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Data collection for the estimation of ecological data (specific focal species, time spent in treated areas collecting food, composition of diet), residue level and residue decline on food items to be used in the risk assessment for birds and mammals

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Magnitude and decline of pesticide co‐formulant residues in vegetables and fruits: results from field trials compared to estimated values

Magnitude and decline of pesticide co‐formulant residues in vegetables and fruits: results from field trials compared to estimated values

Scientific statement on the coverage of bats by the current pesticide risk assessment for birds and mammals

Residue Levels of Pesticides on Fruits for Use in Wildlife Risk Assessments

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