Data Collection for Current U.S. Wind Energy Projects: Component Costs, Financing, Operations, and Maintenance; January 2011 - September 2011

Martin-Tretton, M.; Reha, M.; Drunsic, Michael; Keim, Mark

doi:10.2172/1034220

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It was assumed that component repair costs will be similar to onshore costs and have been taken from a database of component costs collated by National Renewable Energy Laboratory [37].…”

Section: Variable Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity analysis of offshore wind farm operation and maintenance cost and availability

et al. 2016

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Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs are estimated to account for 14%-30% of total Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) project lifecycle expenditure according to a range of studies. In this respect, identifying factors affecting operational costs and availability are vital for wind farm operators to achieve the most profitable decisions. Many OWFs are built in stages and the important factors may not be consistent for the different phases. To address this issue, three OWF case studies are defined to represent two phases and a complete project. An initial qualitative screening sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most important factors of O&M affecting operating cost and availability. The study concluded that the important factors for total O&M cost were access and repair costs along with failure rates for both minor and major repairs. For time-based availability, the important factors identified were those related to the length of time conducting the maintenance tasks, i.e. the operation duration and the working day length. It was found that the two stages had similar results, but these were different compared to the complete project. In this case, the results provide valuable information to OWF operators during the project development and decision making process

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“…It was assumed that component repair costs will be similar to onshore costs and have been taken from a database of component costs collated by National Renewable Energy Laboratory [37].…”

Section: Variable Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity analysis of offshore wind farm operation and maintenance cost and availability

et al. 2016

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“…In comparison to other wind turbine components, the yaw system only makes 0.53% of the named patent landscape which is dominated by patents referring to the rotor blade, control and sensors, generator and drivetrain. These components are also the most cost intensive parts [40]. Control systems are a cost-effective alternative to increase the energy production and also the load reduction which applies to the yaw control system.…”

Section: Analysis and Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yaw Systems for wind turbines – Overview of concepts, current challenges and design methods

Kim

Dalhoff

2014

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. Looking at the upscaling of the rotor diameter not only the loss in power production but the aerodynamic loads arising from yaw misalignment will have an increasing impact on the yaw system design in future wind turbines. This paper presents an overview of yaw systems used in current wind turbines and a review of patents with regards to the yaw system. The current state of the art of yaw systems has been analyzed through a systematic literature review. Further a patent analysis has been done through the European Patent Office. Todays design and strength requirements as per IEC and GL standards will be reviewed and alternative design calculations will be discussed. Over 100 patents have been identified as relevant to the yaw system and have been analyzed. It has been found that most patents are dealing with load reduction possibilities on the yaw system, where fatigue loads seem more of a problem than ultimate loads. Most of these patents concern especially the yaw actuator, which consists of multiple electrical motors, reduction gears and shaft pinions. This is due to the nature of the gearing in the actuator and the gearing between the shaft pinion and the ring gear. This coincides with the patents for yaw brakes, which mostly aim to reduce the fatigue loads during yaw maneuverer and during nacelle standstill. Patents for the yaw bearing are incorporating the reduction of loads through the usage of friction bearings or different bearing arrangement approaches. The paper shows that the conventional yaw system designs are still trying to meet the high requirements regarding the lifetime of a wind turbine and turbulent wind loads. New designs for yaw systems in general are hard to find. Many patents concentrate on control algorithms that depend on additional instruments and incorporate electromechanical systems.

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“…The maintenance team costs, consisting of 2 workers each, are assumed to be 800 e /day, the opportunity cost 105 e /MWh, and the penalization cost 35 e /MWh. Likewise, the reader may address the specific material costs considered in [58]. Cost of PM is assumed to be lower than CM to avoid obvious results (30 % lower).…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framework for Managing Maintenance of Wind Farms Based on a Clustering Approach and Dynamic Opportunistic Maintenance

et al. 2019

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Energies 2019, 12, 2036 2 of 17 account for up to one quarter of the proportion of the LCoE, with 80% of this expenses directly attributed to maintenance [10][11][12].In view of the maintenance role in the LCoE and thus in the profitability of WFs, it is important to consider models for optimization of O&M plans and decisions [2]. The evolution of maintenance models and methodologies have kept pace with the constant technological evolution of Wind Turbines (WTs) [3]. According to [3], the goal of all the approaches and methodologies is determining the most adequate maintenance plan, the management of the resources, and the aspects related to Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) of the WTs.Within such context, the WF operators are bound to develop new techniques and decision-support tools for optimal maintenance strategies, if they strive to maximize the profitability of the investment [8]. Accordingly, maintenance management discipline acquires a highly significant position since it provides a comprehensive perspective for the management of WTs, allowing for optimal maintenance strategies which reduce maintenance costs while maximizing availability [3,5].The decision-making process in the asset management field has been divided into strategic (long-term), tactic (medium-term), and operational (short-term) to achieve excellence in maintenance [13][14][15]. It is the purpose of the research in this paper to address the different aspects of the maintenance decision-making process. This is done by answering the research question of whether it is possible to achieve maintenance excellence for the lifecycle of WFs by a maintenance strategy which considers the different behaviors of the WTs and integrated business-related objectives.Aiming at providing an answer for the aforementioned research question, a technical framework for managing maintenance is proposed in the paper. The framework is a comprehensive proposal that considers different aspects regarding the maintenance of a WF. Within the possibilities offered by the current trend for big data, certain key aspects to create a failure database are integrated in the framework, which enables a clustering approach based on the failure behaviors of the different failure modes of each WT. This approach supports an opportunistic maintenance policy with dynamic thresholds that regard not only to the reliability of the assets but also business considerations. Besides, the framework also incorporates the strategic view through a Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) perspective integrated by means of a multi-objective optimization and supported by simulation techniques that provide valuable information to find an attractive trade-off between cost and performance.

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Data Collection for Current U.S. Wind Energy Projects: Component Costs, Financing, Operations, and Maintenance; January 2011 - September 2011

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

Sensitivity analysis of offshore wind farm operation and maintenance cost and availability

Sensitivity analysis of offshore wind farm operation and maintenance cost and availability

Yaw Systems for wind turbines – Overview of concepts, current challenges and design methods

Framework for Managing Maintenance of Wind Farms Based on a Clustering Approach and Dynamic Opportunistic Maintenance

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