Data and phenomena: a restatement and defense

Woodward, James F.

doi:10.1007/s11229-009-9618-5

Cited by 66 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…This was done by the ad hoc method (Woodward, 2011), which is based on the empirical knowledge of experts on the subject matter and/or on the area in question. These classes were distributed in the summary graph of subsidies for territory management according to the given weights (Detalhamento…, 1996;Crepani et al, 2001;Brasil, 2006;Silva et al, 2014b) and to the characterization of the classes as to potential and vulnerability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial neural network for ecological-economic zoning as a tool for spatial planning

Sadeck

Lima

Adami

2017

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The objective of this work was to analyze social and environmental information through an artificial neural network-self-organizing map (ANN-SOM), in order to provide subsidy to ecologicaleconomic zoning (EEZ) as a tool to reduce the subjectivity of the process. The study area comprises 16 municipalities in the northeast of the state of Pará, Brazil, representative of the agricultural development in the state. Data processing involved three steps: preparation of the data in a geographic information system (GIS) environment; mathematical processing (ANN-SOM) of the data; and visualization and interpretation of the processing results, allowing the spatial planning of northeastern Pará. The results comprised 13 classes, regrouped according to behavioral similarity criteria into four categories, which represent the main areas of sustainability proposed for the state of Pará, according to existing EEZ. The proposed methodology allows individualizing areas in the region that EEZ had not defined, mainly due to the greater possibility of combining and integrating a large number of physical, social, and economic variables through the SOM.Index terms: Amazon, regional planning, regionalization, self-organizing maps. Rede neural artificial para o zoneamento ecológico-econômico como instrumento de ordenamento territorialResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar informações socioambientais por meio de rede neural artificial-mapa auto-organizável (RNA-SOM), para fornecer subsídio ao zoneamento ecológico econômico (ZEE) como instrumento para diminuir a subjetividade do processo. A área de estudo compreende 16 municípios do Nordeste Paraense, expressivos no desenvolvimento agropecuário do estado. O tratamento dos dados envolveu três etapas: preparação dos dados em ambiente de sistema de informação geográfica (SIG); processamento matemático (RNA-SOM) dos dados; e visualização e interpretação dos resultados dos processamentos, o que permitiu o ordenamento territorial do Nordeste Paraense. Os resultados compreenderam 13 classes, reagrupadas de acordo com critérios de similaridade de comportamento em quatro categorias, que representam os principais eixos de sustentabilidade propostos para o Estado do Pará, a partir do ZEE existente. A metodologia proposta permite individualizar zonas na região que o ZEE não havia definido, principalmente em razão da maior possibilidade de conjugar e integrar um grande número de variáveis físicas, sociais e econômicas por meio do SOM.Termos para indexação: Amazônia, planejamento regional, regionalização, mapas auto-organizáveis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial neural network for ecological-economic zoning as a tool for spatial planning

Sadeck

Lima

Adami

2017

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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“…44 In so doing, they avoid linguistic oddities such as, 'What has been shown as well is that, in actual practice, making scientific observations often includes doing genuine experiments' (Radder 2003b, 15). 45 Since then it has been re-stated by Woodward on a number of occasions (Woodward 1989(Woodward , 2000(Woodward , 2011. In these revised versions, however, Woodward has been more concerned with dealing with the relationship between this account and its relationship with scientific theory.…”

Section: Experiments and Observation As Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?

Malik

2016

J Gen Philos Sci

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Observation and experiment as categories for analysing scientific practice have a long pedigree in writings on science. There has, however, been little attempt to delineate observation and experiment with respect to analysing scientific practice; in particular, scientific experimentation, in a systematic manner. Someone who has presented a systematic account of observation and experiment as categories for analysing scientific experimentation is Ian Hacking. In this paper, I present a detailed analysis of Hacking's observation versus experiment account. Using a range of cases from various fields of scientific enquiry, I argue that the observation versus experiment account is not an adequate framework for delineating scientific experimentation in a systematic manner.

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“…Phenomena can be plausibly understood as 'features of the world that in principle could recur under different contexts or conditions' (Woodward [2011], p. 166; see also Bogen and Woodward [1988]). Both realists and antirealists can subscribe to this characterization-at least if we do not restrict it in question-begging ways.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It involves both structural and functional decomposition of the putative mechanism producing the phenomenon of interest. Although some parts and operations can be directly observed, phenomena' (Woodward [2011], p. 166). While data, unlike phenomena, seem to be necessarily observable, observability is not crucial to the data/phenomena distinction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Woodward's words: 'in many cases standard discussions of the role of observation in science shed little light on how phenomena are detected or on the considerations that make data to phenomena reasoning reliable-asking whether phenomena are observable is often not the right question to ask if one wishes to understand how such reasoning works. This is because the reliability of such reasoning often has little to do with how human perception works' (Woodward [2011], p. 171). 9 The so-called "space-clamp" problem consists in reliably inferring properties of the dendritic synapses and ion channels from electrophysiological recordings made from the soma of the neuron.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Models, Mechanisms, and Coherence

Colombo¹,

Hartmann²,

Iersel³

2015

The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

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Life-science phenomena are often explained by specifying the mechanisms that bring them about. The new mechanistic philosophers have done much to substantiate this claim, and to provide us with a better understanding of what mechanisms are and how they explain. While there is disagreement among current mechanists on various issues, they share a common core position and a seeming commitment to some form of scientific realism. But is such a commitment necessary? Is it the best way to go about mechanistic explanation? In this paper, we propose an alternative antirealist account that also fits explanatory practice in the life sciences. We pay special attention to mechanistic models, i.e. scientific models that involve a mechanism, and to the role of coherence considerations in building such models. To illustrate our points, we consider the mechanism for the action potential.

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Data and phenomena: a restatement and defense

Cited by 66 publications

References 11 publications

Artificial neural network for ecological-economic zoning as a tool for spatial planning

Artificial neural network for ecological-economic zoning as a tool for spatial planning

Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?

Models, Mechanisms, and Coherence

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