“…In contrast to the development in other nations, the radicalization of German conservatism was due to an obvious lack of liberalized and modernized conservative thought; thus, the analysis of the interactions between conservatism and liberalism make comparisons between different countries possible. While in Great Britain, for example, a more moderate liberal-conservative strand of Toryism could already develop in the 19th century, such a progressive-conservative synthesis was largely absent in the German context: "German conservatism via free access remained anti-liberal, very largely anti-bourgeois and initially, in its rhetoric at least, often even anticapitalist" (Puhle, 1978, p. 699; see also Mergel, 2003). At the latest since the turn of the century, a large part of German conservatism had clearly swung to a new aggressively völkisch, anti-Semitic, and nationalist course (Schildt, 1995).…”