Das Nierenzellkarzinom im Kindesalter

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in childhood is rare and its incidence is estimated to be 3-6% of all kidney cancers in childhood. Thus, clinical experience with renal cell carcinoma in this age group is meager and no consensus between pediatric urologists and pediatric oncologists exists on common treatment strategies. Furthermore, most previous reports included postpubertal patients in whom the biological behavior of the RCC and treatment options are the same as in adults. Based on the literature and a clinical case report of a 12-year-old boy suffering from a papillary renal cell carcinoma stage IV (pT2 N2 MO), the relevance of the biological behavior of different histological subtypes and their treatment options are reviewed and discussed. In adulthood lymph node dissection is still controversial, but in children it seems to have a positive effect on survival. Immunotherapy in childhood is still and experimental option and just a few cases are reported in the literature.

A model of cloud fragmentation

“…1 shows the relation between the external pressure P e and the volume V for isothermal spheres with having masses M = 4, 5 and 6 M ⊙ . As shown by Bonnor (1956) and Ebert (1957), for P e less than the critical value P e , c , , which is Boyle's Law. As the pressure increases, the volume decreases, and as a result, self‐gravitation becomes important.…”

Factors impacting survival in children with renal cell carcinoma

“…In adult RCC, lymph node metastases are an important prognostic factor [11]. Similarly, Indolfi et al noted that children with regional lymph nodes involved by tumor have significant decreased survival, and they recommend lymph node dissection for node-positive patients [13,18,24,25]. In contrast, Geller and Dome [26] conducted a systematic review of the literature and of patients from their own institution, and noted that although lymph node involvement in adults with RCC was a negative prognostic factor, this association is not seen in pediatric RCC.…”

The Central 1000 au of a Pre-stellar Core Revealed with ALMA. I. 1.3 mm Continuum Observations

“…The model is generated using the physical parameters found by Keto & Caselli (2010) and refined by Keto et al (2014), such that they reproduce the previous set of single dish observations of the dust continuum and molecular line emission. The structure deduced by Keto & Caselli (2010) and Keto et al (2014) is a Bonnor-Ebert sphere (Bonnor 1956;Ebert 1957), with a temperature gradient which reproduces the one observed by Crapsi et al (2007). The high-resolution continuum image is then processed using the task simobserve in CASA 4.6.0, which generates simulated data with a similar integration time and antenna configuration for both ACA and the Main array observations.…”

“…Here we present the ALMA (12 m array and ACA) 1.3 mm dust continuum emission map of the 8 M pre-stellar core L1544 in Taurus at a distance of 135 pc (Schlafly et al 2014, ; consistent with the recent Taurus distance measurements of Galli et al (2018)), which for the first time resolves its central 1000 au. In past work, L1544 has been modelled as a Bonnor-Ebert (BE) sphere (Bonnor 1956;Ebert 1957) in quasi-static contraction (Keto & Caselli 2010;Keto et al 2014). The BE sphere has a central region, called the flat zone, with radius R flat , where the volume density is constant, and which can be theoretically determined by multiplying the sound speed with the free-fall time at the central density (Keto & Caselli 2010).…”