Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: dissecting taxonomic patterns of species invasions

Diez, Jeffrey M.; Sullivan, Jon J.; Hulme, Philip E.; Edwards, G. R.; Duncan, Richard P.

doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01178.x

Cited by 207 publications

(235 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Moreover, the perception of taxonomic homogenization is dependent on the spatial scale at which samples are gathered and increases with increasing sample area (46). Similarly, phylogenetic homogenization may also be scale dependent because closely related alien and native species may not cooccur in the same plant communities (47,48). Thus using regions may overestimate the degree of homogenization experienced by local plant communities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora

Winter

Schweiger

Klotz

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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312

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Human activities have altered the composition of biotas through two fundamental processes: native extinctions and alien introductions. Both processes affect the taxonomic (i.e., species identity) and phylogenetic (i.e., species evolutionary history) structure of species assemblages. However, it is not known what the relative magnitude of these effects is at large spatial scales. Here we analyze the large-scale effects of plant extinctions and introductions on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of floras across Europe, using data from 23 regions. Considering both native losses and alien additions in concert reveals that plant invasions since AD 1500 exceeded extinctions, resulting in (i) increased taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) but decreased phylogenetic diversity within European regions, and (ii) increased taxonomic and phylogenetic similarity among European regions. Those extinct species were phylogenetically and taxonomically unique and typical of individual regions, and extinctions usually were not continent-wide and therefore led to differentiation. By contrast, because introduced alien species tended to be closely related to native species, the floristic differentiation due to species extinction was lessened by taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization effects. This was especially due to species that are alien to a region but native to other parts of Europe. As a result, floras of many European regions have partly lost and will continue to lose their uniqueness. The results suggest that biodiversity needs to be assessed in terms of both species taxonomic and phylogenetic identity, but the latter is rarely used as a metric of the biodiversity dynamics.alien species ͉ alpha diversity ͉ biodiversity ͉ phylogenetic beta diversity ͉ phylogeny G lobalization is progressively altering the composition of biotas worldwide (1-3). The interplay of two fundamental processes -extinctions of native species and introductions and successful establishment of alien species (sensu 4; hereafter referred to as invasion) -has been known to reduce the distinctiveness of species communities. Global species extinctions lead to a continuous decrease of overall species richness (i.e., ␥-diversity) (5). However, at the scale of continents, regions, and countries, invasions exceed local extinctions and result in an increase in local or regional species richness (i.e., ␣-diversity) (5-9).Changes in species composition driven by the combined effects of invasions and extinctions can result in decreasing (i.e., homogenization), increasing (i.e., differentiation), or unchanged compositional turnover of species (i.e., ␤-diversity) (10, 11) and traits between and within continents (12, 13). The higher magnitude of invasions compared with extinctions is known to lead to decreased ␤-diversity between regions at continental (14-17) and regional scales (18-21).Previous evidence of biotic homogenization at continental and regional scales has largely examined impacts on the taxonomic structure of species assemblages, yet extinctions...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora

Winter

Schweiger

Klotz

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

312

302

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“…Observational studies of plant invasions have produced seemingly contradictory results; distantly related plants are less likely to establish upon introduction [40] but become noxious invaders more frequently if they do establish [41], compared with close relatives which tend to naturalize [40,41]. In our study, distant relatives from Spain had much lower or much higher mean fitness than competitors from California, a result that reconciles previous work [40,41]. Specifically, our results suggest that at the earliest stage of invasion, divergence in fitness may generally predict why some species fail to establish (distant relatives of lower fitness [40]) while others have spectacularly negative impacts on native diversity (distant relatives of higher fitness [41]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species coexistence: macroevolutionary relationships and the contingency of historical interactions

2016

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Evolutionary biologists since Darwin have hypothesized that closely related species compete more intensely and are therefore less likely to coexist. However, recent theory posits that species diverge in two ways: either through the evolution of 'stabilizing differences' that promote coexistence by causing individuals to compete more strongly with conspecifics than individuals of other species, or through the evolution of 'fitness differences' that cause species to differ in competitive ability and lead to exclusion of the weaker competitor. We tested macroevolutionary patterns of divergence by competing pairs of annual plant species that differ in their phylogenetic relationships, and in whether they have historically occurred in the same region or different regions (sympatric versus allopatric occurrence). For sympatrically occurring species pairs, stabilizing differences rapidly increased with phylogenetic distance. However, fitness differences also increased with phylogenetic distance, resulting in coexistence outcomes that were unpredictable based on phylogenetic relationships. For allopatric species, stabilizing differences showed no trend with phylogenetic distance, whereas fitness differences increased, causing coexistence to become less likely among distant relatives. Our results illustrate the role of species' historical interactions in shaping how phylogenetic relationships structure competitive dynamics, and offer an explanation for the evolution of invasion potential of non-native species.

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“…1B) are due to biotic resistance from related competitors and their natural enemies (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37), and that negative relationships (as in Fig. 1A) are due to environmental filtering (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting Darwin's conundrum reveals a twist on the relationship between phylogenetic distance and invasibility

Jones

Nuismer

Gomulkiewicz³

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A key goal of invasion biology is to identify the factors that favor species invasions. One potential indicator of invasiveness is the phylogenetic distance between a nonnative species and species in the recipient community. However, predicting invasiveness using phylogenetic information relies on an untested assumption: that both biotic resistance and facilitation weaken with increasing phylogenetic distance. We test the validity of this key assumption using a mathematical model in which a novel species is introduced into communities with varying ecological and phylogenetic relationships. Contrary to what is generally assumed, we find that biotic resistance and facilitation can either weaken or intensify with phylogenetic distance, depending on the mode of interspecific interactions (phenotype matching or phenotype differences) and the resulting evolutionary trajectory of the recipient community. Thus, we demonstrate that considering the mechanisms that drive phenotypic divergence between native and nonnative species can provide critical insight into the relationship between phylogenetic distance and invasibility.nvasive species are a major cause of concern due to their large ecological, social, and economic consequences (1-3). In principle, future invasions could be avoided by preventing introductions of potential invaders into susceptible communities. Thus, research has focused on identifying the characteristics that predispose species to becoming invasive (4-7) and the properties that make communities susceptible to invasion (8, 9). Although generalities have been elusive, one approach that has recently been gaining interest is using phylogenetic distance (time since cladogenesis) between nonnative species and species in the recipient community as an indicator of invasion potential.Darwin was the first to suggest that the probability of establishment by introduced species depends on their relatedness to native species (10). However, as Darwin noted, the ecological similarity of related species can have opposing effects on their potential for coexistence ("Darwin's naturalization conundrum"). On the one hand, establishment in regions with close relatives should be facilitated by favorable abiotic conditions and the presence of suitable prey, hosts, and mutualists (Fig. 1A). On the other hand, establishment in these regions should be inhibited by competition with the relatives themselves and exploitation by shared natural enemies (Fig. 1B). Citing observations by Alphonse de Candolle and Asa Gray that naturalized species are more frequently from nonnative genera, Darwin concluded that competition was the dominant factor and relatedness to native species should reduce establishment success ("Darwin's naturalization hypothesis").However, recent studies using statistical models, molecular phylogenetics, and experimental community assembly have revealed that the correlation between relatedness and establishment probability can be positive, negative, or zero (Table 1). These findings call into question the paramoun...

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Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: dissecting taxonomic patterns of species invasions

Cited by 207 publications

References 43 publications

Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora

Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora

Species coexistence: macroevolutionary relationships and the contingency of historical interactions

Revisiting Darwin's conundrum reveals a twist on the relationship between phylogenetic distance and invasibility

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