“…This failure is obviously due to the inadequacy of the picture employed-in particular, the replacement of the solvent by a continuous dielectric, and the neglect of solvation. 25 The discrepancies are particularly marked when water is compared with solvents of very different chemical type, e.g., hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen cyanide, and liquid ammonia. 26 This has been emphasised especially by K. Fredenhagen,27 who considers that the electrostatic picture should be entirely abandoned in favour of the conception of the chemical solvation of ions.…”