Darbo užmokestį lemiantys veiksniai: Lietuvos žemės ūkio sektoriaus atvejis

Abstract

In the scientific literature the problematic of the salary and wage gets a lot of attention, however mostly of research is limited either by modeling of the theoretical determinants that determine the level of wages or by analyzing the effect of separate individual determinants on the level of company or a specific occupation. Meanwhile, on the sector, as well as on the agricultural sector, level there is not much of research or they are fragmented. The scientific problem of the article: what external determinants have a significant impact on the level of wages in the agricultural sector? That implies the study objective – how the determinants affect wages of agricultural sector. The methods of the research: a systematic analysis of the scientific literature, the study and analysis of legislation, the analysis of quantitative statistical data and correlation analysis. Main results: common determinants affecting wage level are being supplemented with determinants of kind of economic activities; wages in the agricultural sector depend on all the examined determinants, however effects are different. It has been disclosed that the agricultural sector’s wages in Lithuania are more than average affected by a minimum monthly wage, capital investment and direct foreign investment; less by basic monthly salary, the number of unemployed persons and gross value added.

Features of the assessment of factors influencing productivity

“…Wage is a widely assessed category which is explaining intangible motivational factors (better working conditions, honours, participation in courses of qualification growth) and defining the material value of wage (Hossain, Haque, & Haque, 2015;Šilingienė, Stukaitė, & Radvila, 2015;Bargain & Peichl, 2016).…”

“…In economic terms, wage is treated as a financial form of financial reward or tangible benefit, which is calculated taking into account the expected working hours or as a macroeconomic indicator that shows the level of labour demand, the competitiveness of sectors and the ability of certain sectors of activity to pay the greater wage than others (Hossain et al, 2015;Šilingienė et al, 2015;Bargain & Peichl, 2016). For every employee, the wage is the most important source of income, which ensures the employee's social prestige, affects their living standards, consumption and the country's economic situation.…”

“…Figure 2 shows that factors determining wage are divided into internal and external. The group of internal factors consists of the factors of human capital (describing the personality, psychological condition, health and marital status), the characteristic of the employee (describing the persona s an employee -his/her skills, competence and professional qualification) and the characteristic of the employee and employer (describing both the enterprise and the job position and the employer's ability to pay the fixed wage) (Hossain et al, 2015;Litwin, 2015;Šilingienė et al, 2015;Bargain & Peichl, 2016;Pytliková, Filipová, Balcar, & Gottvald, 2016;Bhattarai, 2017;Phillips, Stauser, Ritter, Notaro, & Jones, 2018). The level of wage is determined by the "personal qualities of the employee, their education and qualification, which means that there are differences between a qualified and unskilled employee".…”

“…It is difficult to replace the employees with high qualification and extensive work experience so the employers are forced to pay higher wages to keep these employees in their current workplace. The level of wages is also determined by external factors, which are divided into "legal/political, economic, social and technological" (Hossain et al, 2015;Leckcivilize, 2015;Litwin, 2015;Šilingienė et al, 2015;Pytliková et al, 2016), which are analysed at the sectoral level. External factors reflect the "ratio between supply and demand for skilled labour force".…”

“…Legal-political factors: determination of minimal payment rates, labour taxation policy (tax system), guaranteed bemefits, other labour relations, labour relations regulating payments, trade union activities and government policy. (Leckcivilize, 2015;Litwin, 2015;Šilingienė et al, 2015)…”