Danger signals activate a putative innate immune system during regeneration in a filamentous fungus

Medina-Castellanos, Elizabeth; Villalobos-Escobedo, José Manuel; Riquelme, Meritxell; Read, Nick D.; Abreu‐Goodger, Cei; Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo

doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007390

Cited by 29 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 72 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our group has previously described the early response of T. atroviride to MI (25, 26) and the role of damage-associated molecular patterns and signaling pathways (MAPKs) in the activation of the response (70). Those observations suggested that, in nature, T.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They observed that when a hypha is damaged, it can regenerate, producing asexual reproduction structures (conidia) in the injured area. Later, Medina-Castellanos and coworkers (26, 70) found that the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the response involve the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) TMK1 and TMK3. While strains with mutations in either of the corresponding genes do not produce spores in response to injury, the production and role of metabolites in the response to mechanical injury in T.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Atriztán-Hernández

Moreno-Pedraza

Winkler

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The response to injury represents an important strategy for animals and plants to survive mechanical damage and predation. Plants respond to injury by activating a defense response that includes the production of an important variety of compounds that help them withstand predator attack and recover from mechanical injury (MI). Similarly, the filamentous fungusTrichoderma atrovirideresponds to MI by strongly modifying its transcriptional profile and producing asexual reproduction structures (conidia). Here, we analyzed whether the response to MI inT. atrovirideis related to a possible predator defense mechanism from a metabolic perspective. We found that the production of specific groups of secondary metabolites increases in response to MI but is reduced after fungivory byDrosophila melanogasterlarvae. We further show that fungivory results in repression of the expression of genes putatively involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite production inT. atroviride. Activation of secondary metabolite production appears to depend on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3. Interestingly,D. melanogasterlarvae preferred to feed on atmk3gene replacement mutant rather than on the wild-type strain. Consumption of the mutant strain, however, resulted in increased larval mortality.IMPORTANCEFungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury.Trichoderma atrovirideresponds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation inT. atrovirideand plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response ofT. atrovirideto mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Atriztán-Hernández

Moreno-Pedraza

Winkler

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Differential gene expression analysis was performed as described by Medina‐Castellanos et al . (2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fungal NADPH oxidase is an essential element for the molecular dialog between Trichoderma and Arabidopsis

Villalobos-Escobedo¹,

Esparza‐Reynoso

Pelagio‐Flores

et al. 2020

The Plant Journal

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma stimulate growth and reinforce plant immunity. Nevertheless, how fungal signaling elements mediate the establishment of a successful Trichoderma−plant interaction is largely unknown. In this work, we analyzed growth, root architecture and defense in an Arabidopsis−Trichoderma co‐cultivation system, including the wild‐type (WT) strain of the fungus and mutants affected in NADPH oxidase. Global gene expression profiles were assessed in both the plant and the fungus during the establishment of the interaction. Trichoderma atroviride WT improved root branching and growth of seedling as previously reported. This effect diminished in co‐cultivation with the ∆nox1, ∆nox2 and ∆noxR null mutants. The data gathered of the Arabidopsis interaction with the ∆noxR strain showed that the seedlings had a heightened immune response linked to jasmonic acid in roots and shoots. In the fungus, we observed repression of genes involved in complex carbohydrate degradation in the presence of the plant before contact. However, in the absence of NoxR, such repression was lost, apparently due to a poor ability to adequately utilize simple carbon sources such as sucrose, a typical plant exudate. Our results unveiled the critical role played by the Trichoderma NoxR in the establishment of a fine‐tuned communication between the plant and the fungus even before physical contact. In this dialog, the fungus appears to respond to the plant by adjusting its metabolism, while in the plant, fungal perception determines a delicate growth−defense balance.

show abstract

“…ROS also play important roles in cell differentiation signalling, as discussed below (Section II.4). Extracellular ATP is another important injury‐response molecule that acts through a Ca 2+ ‐mediated cascade (Hernández‐Oñate et al ., ; Medina‐Castellanos et al ., , ). ATP in the surrounding medium is rare, and thus the presence of this molecule can be used by the fungus as a signal of cytoplasm leakage.…”

Section: Cellular Complexitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity

Naranjo‐Ortiz

Gabaldón

2020

Biological Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The question of how phenotypic and genomic complexity are inter‐related and how they are shaped through evolution is a central question in biology that historically has been approached from the perspective of animals and plants. In recent years, however, fungi have emerged as a promising alternative system to address such questions. Key to their ecological success, fungi present a broad and diverse range of phenotypic traits. Fungal cells can adopt many different shapes, often within a single species, providing them with great adaptive potential. Fungal cellular organizations span from unicellular forms to complex, macroscopic multicellularity, with multiple transitions to higher or lower levels of cellular complexity occurring throughout the evolutionary history of fungi. Similarly, fungal genomes are very diverse in their architecture. Deep changes in genome organization can occur very quickly, and these phenomena are known to mediate rapid adaptations to environmental changes. Finally, the biochemical complexity of fungi is huge, particularly with regard to their secondary metabolites, chemical products that mediate many aspects of fungal biology, including ecological interactions. Herein, we explore how the interplay of these cellular, genomic and metabolic traits mediates the emergence of complex phenotypes, and how this complexity is shaped throughout the evolutionary history of Fungi.

show abstract

Danger signals activate a putative innate immune system during regeneration in a filamentous fungus

Cited by 29 publications

References 72 publications

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The fungal NADPH oxidase is an essential element for the molecular dialog between Trichoderma and Arabidopsis

Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About