Damming Induced Natural Attenuation of Hydrothermal Waters by Runoff Freshwater Dilution and Sediment Biogeochemical Transformations (Sochagota Lake, Colombia)

Abstract

The volcanic area of the Paipa system (Boyacá, Colombia) contains a magmatic heat source and deep fractures that help the flow of hot and highly mineralized waters, which are further combined with cold superficial inputs. This mixed water recharges the Salitre River and downstream feeding Sochagota Lake. The incoming water can contribute to substantial increases in hydrothermal SO42−-Na water in the water of the Salitre River basin area, raising the salinity. An additional hydrogeochemical process occurs in the mix with cold Fe-rich water from alluvial and surficial aquifers. This salinized Fe-rich water feeds the Sochagota Lake, although the impact of freshwaters from rain on the hydrochemistry of the Sochagota Lake is significant. A series of hydrogeochemical, biogeochemical, and mineralogical processes occur inside the lake. The aim of this work was to study the influence of damming in the Sochagota Lake, which acts as a natural attenuation of contaminants such as high concentrations of metals and salty elements coming from the Salitre River. Damming in the Sochagota Lake is considered to be an effective strategy for attenuating highly mineralized waters. The concentrations of dissolved elements were attenuated significantly. Dilution by rainfall runoff and precipitation of iron sulfides mediated by sulfate-reducing bacteria in deposits rich in organic material were the main processes involved in the attenuation of concentrations of SO42−, Fe, As Cu, and Co in the lake water. Furthermore, the K-consuming illitization processes occurring in the sediments could favor the decrease in K and Al.

Water–Rock Interaction Processes in Tíscar and Larva Active Faults (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)

“…Accordingly, groundwater could derive from a gypsum-and halite-poor environment, or, even, the aquifer permanence time might be short, with no time for waterrock interaction process mechanisms. This evident evaporite mineral undersaturation suggests a potential evaporitic material dissolution input in the waters from these fault areas [44,45]. In relation to clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite), waters from the Tíscar waterfall (4) and from the San Sebastian spring in Quesada ( 11) are oversaturated with these minerals, indicating a possible precipitation of clay minerals in these waters.…”