Damage to Cultural Heritage Structures and Buildings Due to the 2015 Nepal Gorkha Earthquake

Bhagat, Satish; Buddika, Hetti Arachchige Don Samith; Adhikari, Rohit Kumar; Shrestha, Ashok K.; Bajracharya, Sanjeema; Joshi, Rejina; Singh, Jenisha; Maharjan, Rajali; Wijeyewickrema, Anil

doi:10.1080/13632469.2017.1309608

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The most recent of these, of Mw7.8, occurred in the central region of Nepal on April 25, 2015 with the epicentre located in Barpak village, Gorkha district, approximately 78 km northwest of Kathmandu with a focal depth of 15 km (USGS 2015). Hundreds of aftershocks with Mw ≥ 4.0 were recorded for more than a year after the first shock, with some significant seismic events having Mw6.7 and Mw7.3 on April 26, 2015 and May 12, 2015, respectively (Bhagat et al 2018). The seismic sequence resulted in a Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent) causing 8790 deaths and nearly 22,300 injuries (NPC 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the post-earthquake damage survey studies (e.g. Goda et al 2015;Parajuli and Kiyono 2015;Bhagat et al 2018;Wilkinson et al 2019) reported that the significant damage suffered by these traditional load bearing masonry typologies was due to the lack of seismic resistant features such as seismic band, through-thickness stones, diaphragm actions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2015 Nepal earthquake: seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings

Adhikari

D’Ayala

2020

Bull Earthquake Eng

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The residential building typology of Stone in Mud Mortar (SMM) masonry contributed significantly to the seismic losses caused by the 2015 Nepalese seismic sequence, also known as the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. SMM masonry is the most common construction type in Nepal, and notwithstanding the extensive damage, this has persisted in the postearthquake reconstruction. This paper provides first an overview of the extent of damage and typical failure modes suffered by this typology. Some pressing issues in the ongoing post-earthquake reconstruction, such as building usability, construction quality are then discussed. The results of seismic analyses on both the pre-earthquake (PRE-SMM) and post-earthquake built (POST-SMM) typologies, using the applied element method employing a modelling strategy that accounts for the random shape of stone units, are then presented and discussed in terms of capacity curves and failure mechanisms. As per the seismic design code of Nepal, seismic performance assessment is conducted to understand the seismic design levels of these constructions. Finally, seismic fragility and vulnerability functions for both the PRE-SMM and POST-SMM typologies, considering the uncertainty in ground motions and material quality, are presented and discussed. Considering the seismic hazard in Nepal, the PRE-SMM typology is found to be highly vulnerable and seismic strengthening of these buildings is urgent. On the other hand, the POST-SMM typology has adequate seismic capacity and performs within the serviceability limit, given the quality of both the construction materials and workmanship are not compromised.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2015 Nepal earthquake: seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings

Adhikari

D’Ayala

2020

Bull Earthquake Eng

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“…It is observed that old and poorly constructed unreinforced masonry (URM) structures are susceptible to partial damage or collapse even under light to moderate earthquake shaking [1][2][3]. In URM buildings, one of the key construction features in controlling the seismic performance is the level of connection between the URM walls and the horizontal structures [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comprehensive overview of the different OOP failure mechanisms of URM walls in existing buildings is presented in D'Ayala and Speranza [5]. Observations from several post-earthquake damage surveys [2][3]6] have shown that the OOP failure modes have caused significant damage in URM structures with flexible diaphragms. Several experimental studies on such buildings [7][8] have also proven that partial or full OOP collapse are most likely to occur when the diaphragms are flexible or if the diaphragm to wall connections are poor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Element Modelling and Pushover Analysis of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings With Flexible Roof Diaphragm

Adhikari¹,

D’Ayala²

2019

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COM

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Old and poorly constructed unreinforced masonry buildings are inherently vulnerable to earthquakes. Seismic analysis and assessment of these buildings with flexible diaphragms i.e. without box behavior is challenging as the available assessment methods for reinforced concrete framed or masonry structures with rigid diaphragms are not directly applicable to these buildings. In such structures, the walls loaded in out-of-plane direction and those loaded in in-plane direction behave in significantly different ways during earthquakes, making a conventional global analysis ambiguous and unreliable. In this study, using the applied element method for numerical modelling and analysis, a simple and reliable methodology for seismic performance assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragm is presented which includes the out-of-plane behavior in the global analysis. The applicability of the methodology for subsequent steps in fragility and vulnerability assessment of such buildings using non-linear static procedures is also clarified.

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“…The existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures within the earthquake prone regions all around the world exhibit insufficient seismic resistance owing to the continuous updated structural design conditions [1]. The previous earthquake episodes had been shown to have severe impact on the existing buildings because the structural elements of such buildings (such as the slabs, the beams, the columns and the shear walls) have poor seismic resistance [2], [3]. Some of the early studies were focused on the observed performance of buildings, damage statistics, as well as the patterns of different configurations of RC construction [4], [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforced concrete confinement coefficient estimation using soft computing models

Mohana¹

2019

PEN

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Infrastructure vulnerability toward seismic lateral loading within high seismicity has received massive attention by structural engineers and designers. This is for the purpose to provide a reliable alternative material that strengthening the bending and shear of slabs, columns and reinforced concrete (RC). Despite the utilized approaches of strengthening the concrete structure based on fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) is considerably new technique, exploring more reliable and robust methodologies is the motive of scholars for better structural behaviour understanding. In the current research, two soft computing models called artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) are applied to predict lateral confinement coefficient (K s). The models are developed based on gathered dataset from open source researches for the lateral confinement coefficient of columns wrapped with carbon FRP (CFRP) and their corresponding parameters including column width, length and thickness (b, h and t mm), column radius (r mm), compressive strength of concrete () and elastic modulus (E FRP). Results indicated the superiority of the ANN model for predicting K s over the SVR model. The application of the soft computing showed an optimistic approach for the structural lateral confinement coefficient determination.

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Damage to Cultural Heritage Structures and Buildings Due to the 2015 Nepal Gorkha Earthquake

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

2015 Nepal earthquake: seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings

2015 Nepal earthquake: seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings

Applied Element Modelling and Pushover Analysis of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings With Flexible Roof Diaphragm

Reinforced concrete confinement coefficient estimation using soft computing models

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