Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships—Re-Engineering the Safety Factor

Cichowicz, Jakub; Tsakalakis, Nikolaos; Vassalos, Dracos; Jasionowski, Andrzej

doi:10.3390/safety2010004

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A distribution P(Hs) can then be derived, following multiple repetitions of tests, [9]. Depending on the definition, the critical sea state can be regarded as a wave height at which P(Hs) = 0.5 or, alternatively, as the highest sea state with a low probability of capsize (e.g., P(Hs) < 0.05), as proposed in GOALDS [12] and more in-line with the notion of limiting wave height, as explained in [14].…”

Section: Critical Significant Wave Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As part of this project, 20 RoPax damages and 2 cruise ships were subjected to parametric investigation numerically, [14], for the establishment of survivability, whereas experiments in modern water basins were conducted on two RoPax and two cruise ships, respectively, for verification purposes in collision damages. For this, worst SOLAS 2compartment damage were used ±35%L amidships, whilst, for the case of cruise ships, which exhibited high resistance to capsize, 3-compartment damages were used for the derivation of the survivability boundary, [14].…”

Section: Goalds Projectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment

Vassalos

Mujeeb-Ahmed

2021

JMSE

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The paper provides a full description and explanation of the probabilistic method for ship damage stability assessment from its conception to date with focus on the probability of survival (s-factor), explaining pertinent assumptions and limitations and describing its evolution for specific application to passenger ships, using contemporary numerical and experimental tools and data. It also provides comparisons in results between statistical and direct approaches and makes recommendations on how these can be reconciled with better understanding of the implicit assumptions in the approach for use in ship design and operation. Evolution over the latter years to support pertinent regulatory developments relating to flooding risk (safety level) assessment as well as research in this direction with a focus on passenger ships, have created a new focus that combines all flooding hazards (collision, bottom and side groundings) to assess potential loss of life as a means of guiding further research and developments on damage stability for this ship type. The paper concludes by providing recommendations on the way forward for ship damage stability and flooding risk assessment.

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Section: Critical Significant Wave Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Goalds Projectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment

Vassalos

Mujeeb-Ahmed

2021

JMSE

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“…The outcomes of two of these projects are shown in Figures 4 and 5. Another outcome relates to alternative s-factor formulations accounting for the reconfiguration of the internal ship space, even above the strength deck, a real novelty, which for the first time was taken further in Project GOALDS [53,54].…”

Section: Ropax Vs Cruise Ships: Hitting a "Wall"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfiguring Passenger Ship Internal Environment for Damage Stability Enhancement

Vassalos

Paterson

2020

JMSE

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The traditional risk control option adopted in naval architecture to meet safety-related objectives is by regulations, targeting damage limitation, nominally instigated in the wake of maritime accidents claiming heavy loss of life. These primarily concern the introduction of watertight bulkheads, i.e., permanent (passive) reconfiguration of the internal ship environment to enhance damage stability. This has been the most common measure, manifesting itself in the wake of every serious flooding accident since the beginning, back in the 19th century. However, traditional flooding protection through watertight subdivision, to an extent dictated by IMO regulations, has a physical limit which, if exceeded, a safety plateau is reached. This is currently the case and with damage stability standards progressively increasing, the safety gap between existing and new ships is dangerously widening and with design stability margins progressively eroding, stability management is unsustainable, leading to loss of earnings at best. The need for managing the residual risk through active intervention/protection over the life-cycle of the vessel drives industry to searching and adopting a new normal. This new normal is the innovation being explained in this paper by addressing safety enchantment through a systematic reconfiguration of the ship environment for passive and active protection in flooding accidents. In this respect, the “design-optimal” internal arrangement of a vessel, is adapted and reconfigured, using passive and active containment systems for flooding incidents, in the form of high-expansion foam products. The innovation is briefly explained, claiming transformational reduction in flooding risk in the most cost-effective way available. To support wider understanding and appreciation for the latter, the paper critically reviews the whole evolution of internal ship space reconfiguration, chronologically and systematically, concluding that new technological developments and breakthroughs will bring sustainable changes to the traditional evolutionary maritime safety enhancement.

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“…Consequently, the A-index can provide a very conservative measure of survivability. Alternative s-factor formulations have been presented by Papanikolaou et al (2013) and Cichowicz et al (2016). Still the SOLAS formulae are widely used.…”

Section: Concept Of Survivabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships

Ruponen

Lindroth

Routi

et al. 2019

Ship Technology Research

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A new approach for analysing the level of survivability for a passenger ship in the event of a collision damage is presented. Monte Carlo simulation is used for generating a large number of damage cases. The probability distributions for damage extent and location are based on the current SOLAS regulation. Each case is calculated with time-domain flooding simulation, assuming quasi-static motions and calm sea, thus enabling evaluation of the righting lever curve during the flooding process. The ship survivability is analysed based on requirements for a sufficient reserve stability. The proposed method is demonstrated with a large passenger ship design. Based on the detailed investigation of the results, the effects of various design changes are studied. Furthermore, the impact of waves on the flooding process is studied. The presented method for survivability assessment is robust and especially suitable for comparing design variations, or ships with similar main dimensions. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships—Re-Engineering the Safety Factor

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment

Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment

Reconfiguring Passenger Ship Internal Environment for Damage Stability Enhancement

Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships

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