Damage Prediction of Pre-cracked High-Pressure Pipelines

Abstract

Due to the increasing need to transport fluids, the use of industrial pipes and their sustainability is a crucial aspect to address. The motive of this work is to predict the behaviour of a pre-cracked pipeline under internal and external pressure using Finite element simulation. An intermediate range of pressure conditions has been selected to analyse the dispersal of normalized stress intensity factor along a semi elliptical crack front for a predefined crack geometry. This work also presents a comparative study of various piping material behaviour to address a relatively better choice for industrial use. Among the various alloys considered in the analysis Inconel 625 was found to be most appropriate for the pressure range.

Nonlinear ion‐acoustic waves in magnetized plasmas in presence of energetic electrons and positively charged dust

“…$$ Now from the expressions of (13)–(15) and (34)–(36), we get the form of Burgers equation as expressed below $$$$ \frac{\partial {\varphi}^{(1)}}{\partial \tau }+A{\varphi}^{(1)}\frac{\partial {\varphi}^{(1)}}{\partial \zeta }=C\frac{\partial^2{\varphi}^{(1)}}{\partial {\zeta}^2}, $$$$ where $$$ A $$$ and $$$ C $$$ denote the nonlinear and dissipation coefficients respectively, which are given by $$$$ A=\frac{{\left({V}_p^2-\sigma {l}_z^2\right)}^2}{2{V}_p{l}_z^2}\left[\frac{2{V}_p^2{l}_z^4}{{\left({V}_p^2-\sigma {l}_z^2\right)}^3}-\left(1+\mu \right)\right], $$$$ $$$$ C=\frac{\eta }{2}. $$$$ Using the same assumptions and procedures as in Section 3, we obtain the solution to the shock wave shown below [ 63 ] …”

“…Using the same assumptions and procedures as in Section 3, we obtain the solution to the shock wave shown below [63] 𝜙 (1) = 𝜓…”