Damage modes in 3D glass fiber epoxy woven composites under high rate of impact loading

Walter, Tim; Subhash, Ghatu; Sankar, Bhavani V.; Yen, Chian-Fong

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.021

Cited by 63 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As the main advantage of 3D woven composites is clearly their out-of-plane enhanced properties, many researchers for example (Ji et al 2007;Luo et al 2007;Hao et al 2008;Walter et al 2009;Gerlach et al 2012;Seltzer et al 2013;Umer et al 2016) studied the effect of the z-binding yarns on the impact damage behaviour and the energy absorption of those material systems. Impact testing in literature was classified based on the impact velocity to low (< 10 m/s) as reported in (Umer et al 2016), high (~20 to 50 m/s) as in (Ji et al 2007;Hao et al 2008) and ballistic (~900 m/s) as discussed in (Walter et al 2009).…”

Section: Impact/indentation Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impact testing in literature was classified based on the impact velocity to low (< 10 m/s) as reported in (Umer et al 2016), high (~20 to 50 m/s) as in (Ji et al 2007;Hao et al 2008) and ballistic (~900 m/s) as discussed in (Walter et al 2009). Hao et al (Hao et al 2008) studied the behaviour of ORT woven glass fibre composite plate and T-beams subjected to quasi-static indentation and impact loadings.…”

Section: Impact/indentation Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advancements in mechanical characterisation of 3D woven composites

Saleh

Soutis

2017

Mech Adv Mater Mod Process

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Three dimensional (3D) woven composites have attracted the interest of academia and industry thanks to their damage tolerance characteristics and automated fabric manufacturing. Although much research has been conducted to investigate their out-of-plane "through thickness" properties, still their in-plane properties are not fully understood and rely on extensive experimentation. To date, the literature lacks an inclusive summary of the mechanical characterisation for 3D woven composites. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the available research studies on 3D woven composites mechanical characterisation, with less emphasis on the outof-plane response, but an in-depth review of the in-plane response "un-notched vs. notched". The paper highlights the knowledge gap in the literature of 3D woven composites, suggesting opportunities for future research in this field and a room for improvement in utilising Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT), such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC), Acoustic Emission (AE) and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), for observing damage initiation and evolution in 3D woven composites that could be used to calibrate and evaluate analytical and numerical models.

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Section: Impact/indentation Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact/indentation Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advancements in mechanical characterisation of 3D woven composites

Saleh

Soutis

2017

Mech Adv Mater Mod Process

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“…3D woven composites have been shown to exhibit superior properties in the through-thickness direction when compared to 2D laminated composites [7]. The mode-I and mode-II fracture toughness have also been shown to increase due to z-fiber reinforcement [4,8,9], but under dynamic impact loading delamination continues to be a dominant damage mechanism [8,10]. Additional disadvantages associated with 3D woven composites include a decreased in-plane stiffness and strength as well as a loss of fatigue life [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monotonic and cyclic short beam shear response of 3D woven composites

Walter

Subhash

Sankar

et al. 2010

Composites Science and Technology

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a b s t r a c tMonotonic, multi-step and cyclic short beam shear tests were conducted on 2D and 3D woven composites. The test results were used to determine the effect of z-yarns on the inter-laminar shear strength as well as the multi-loading behavior. The presence of z-yarns was found to affect not only the inter-laminar shear strength of the composite but also the behavior of the composite beyond the elastic limit. Microscopic examination of the damaged specimens revealed large delamination cracks in 2D woven composites while delamination cracks were hindered by z-yarns in 3D composites. This crack arrest phenomena resulted in a reduction in inter-laminar crack lengths and a higher distribution of the micro-cracks throughout the 3D composite. The multi-step and cyclic loading tests are found to be useful in the monitoring of specimen behavior during short beam shear testing. The induced damage was quantified in terms of the loss of strength and stiffness during each loading cycle. It was found that while the 2D composites have higher damage resistance, the 3D composites have a higher damage tolerance.

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“…This information is critical to optimize the mechanical performance as well as to develop accurate models to simulate the mechanical performance of 3D composites [5,6] and has been addressed in various investigations. For instance, Walter et al [7] studied the effect of strain rate in the out-of-plane behavior of 3D glass fiber composites using optical microscopy. They observed that z-yarns prevented delamination at low strain rates and low penetration depths, and the main damage mechanisms under these conditions were intratow and resin pockets cracking as well as fiber failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray microtomography analysis of the damage micromechanisms in 3D woven composites under low-velocity impact

Seltzer

González

Muñoz

et al. 2013

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

130

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ABSTRACT3D woven composites reinforced with either S2 glass, carbon or a hybrid combination of both and containing either polyethylene or carbon z-yarns were tested under low-velocity impact. Different impact energies (in the range of 21-316 J) were used and the mechanical response (in terms of the impact strength and energy dissipated) was compared with that measured in high-performance, albeit standard, 2D laminates. It was found that the impact strength in both 2D and 3D materials was mainly dependent on the in-plane fiber fracture. Conversely, the energy absorption capability was primarily influenced by the presence of z-yarns, having the 3D composites dissipated over twice the energy than the 2D laminates, irrespective of their individual characteristics (fiber type, compaction degree, porosity, etc.). X-ray microtomography revealed that this improvement was due to the z-yarns, which delayed delamination and maintained the structural integrity of the laminate, promoting energy dissipation by tow splitting, intensive fiber breakage under the tup and formation of a plug by out-of-plane shear.

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Damage modes in 3D glass fiber epoxy woven composites under high rate of impact loading

Cited by 63 publications

References 19 publications

Recent advancements in mechanical characterisation of 3D woven composites

Recent advancements in mechanical characterisation of 3D woven composites

Monotonic and cyclic short beam shear response of 3D woven composites

X-ray microtomography analysis of the damage micromechanisms in 3D woven composites under low-velocity impact

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