Damage markers in cerebrospinal fluid and other findings from a patient cohort enriched for suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease

Abstract

There is growing evidence suggesting that immunological mechanisms play a significant role in the development of psychiatric symptoms in certain patient subgroups. However, it is challenging to identify and classify these cases in this early research stage. Here, we aimed to describe the prevalence and distribution of potential central nervous system (CNS) pathology in psychiatric patients in relation to clinical red flags for autoimmune psychiatric disease and psychiatric symptoms. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) routine findings and CNS damage markers; neurofilament light chain protein (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and total Tau (t-Tau), in CSF from 127 patients with psychiatric disease preselected for suspected immunological involvement were related to recently proposed clinical red flags, psychiatric features, MRI and EEG findings. Twenty-one percent had abnormal routine CSF findings and 27% had elevated levels of CNS damage markers. Six percent had anti-neuronal antibodies in serum and 2% in CSF. Sixty-six percent of patients examined with MRI (n = 88) had alterations, mostly atrophy or non-specific white matter lesions. Twenty-seven percent of patients with EEG recordings (n = 70) had abnormal findings. Elevated NfL was associated with comorbid autoimmunity and affective dysregulation symptoms. Elevated t-Tau was associated with catatonia and higher ratings of agitation/hyperactivity. Elevated GFAP was associated with acute onset, atypical presentation, infectious prodrome, tics, depressive/anxiety symptom ratings and overall higher psychiatric symptom burden. In conclusion, pre-selection based on suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease identifies a population with high prevalence of CSF alterations suggesting CNS pathology. Future studies should examine the value of these markers in predicting treatment responses.