Damage in Rubble Mound Breakwaters. Part II: Review of the Definition, Parameterization, and Measurement of Damage

Campos, Alvaro; Molina, Rafael; Castillo, Carmen

doi:10.3390/jmse8050306

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Campos et al 197 reviewed the definition, parameterization, and measurement of damage in rubble mound breakwaters. They suggested that damage is characterized following a visual approach or a measuring approach, which is based on a 2D or 3D profile reconstruction.…”

Section: Port Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural health monitoring of inland navigation structures and ports: a review on developments and challenges

Negi

Kromanis

Dorée

et al. 2023

Structural Health Monitoring

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Inland navigation structures (INS) facilitate transportation of goods in rivers and canals. Transportation of goods over waterways is more energy efficient than on roads and railways. INS, similar to other civil structures, are aging and require frequent condition assessment and maintenance. Countries, in which INS are important to their economies, such as the Netherlands and the United States, allocate significant budgets for maintenance and renovation of exiting INS, as well as for building new structures. Timely maintenance and early detection of a change to material or geometric properties (i.e., damage) can be supported with the structural health monitoring (SHM), in which monitored data, such as load, structural response, environmental actions, are analyzed. Huge scientific efforts are realized in bridge SHM, but when it comes to SHM of INS, the efforts are significantly lower. Therefore, the SHM community has opportunities to develop new solutions for SHM of INS and convince asset owners of their benefits. This review article, first, articulates the need to keep INS safe to use and fit for purpose, and the challenges associated with it. Second, it defines and reviews sensors, sensing technologies, and approaches for SHM of INS. Then, INS and their components, including structures in ports, are identified, described, and illustrated, and their monitoring efforts are reviewed. Finally, the review article emphasizes the added value of SHM systems for INS, concludes on the current achievements, and proposes future trajectories for SHM of INS and ports.

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Section: Port Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural health monitoring of inland navigation structures and ports: a review on developments and challenges

Negi

Kromanis

Dorée

et al. 2023

Structural Health Monitoring

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“…Techniques for assessing and measuring lab-scale physical models, with a focus on examining the behavior of RMBs under wave action, have advanced significantly in recent years. Laboratory investigations exploring this subject employ a range of scanning devices, including structured light scanners, infrared scanners, and laser scanners, along with conventional profilers [6]. Some studies have also integrated devices with additional depth measurement capabilities, such as time-of-flight (ToF) and RGB-D cameras (e.g., Kinect) [7][8][9][10], providing the advantage of collecting information from the submerged portions of RMB models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Site Stability Assessment of Rubble Mound Breakwaters Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Photogrammetry and Random Sample Consensus

Arza-García,

Gonçalves,

Ferreira Pinto

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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Traditional methods for assessing the stability of rubble mound breakwaters (RMBs) often rely on 2.5D data, which may fall short in capturing intricate changes in the armor units, such as tilting and lateral shifts. Achieving a detailed analysis of RMB geometry typically requires fully 3D methods, but these often hinge on expensive acquisition technologies like terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR). This article introduces an innovative approach to evaluate the structural stability of RMBs by integrating UAV-based photogrammetry and the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. The RANSAC algorithm proves to be an efficient and scalable tool for extracting primitives from point clouds (PCs), effectively addressing challenges presented by outliers and data noise in photogrammetric PCs. Photogrammetric PCs of the RMB, generated using Structure-from-Motion and MultiView Stereo (SfM-MVS) from both pre- and post-storm flights, were subjected to the RANSAC algorithm for plane extraction and segmentation. Subsequently, a spatial proximity criterion was employed to match cuboids between the two time periods. The methodology was validated on the detached breakwater of Cabedelo do Douro in Porto, Portugal, with a specific focus on potential rotations or tilting of Antifer cubes within the protective layer. The results, assessing the effects of the Leslie storm in 2018, demonstrate the potential of our approach in identifying and quantifying structural changes in RMBs.

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“…Moreover, as will be described later, numerical calculations are useful, and various numerical models without fixed grids have also been developed to examine the functions of block mound breakwaters: the Lagrangian models were applied by [8][9][10], whereas a mesh adaptation method was used by [11] to reproduce the detailed flow around a deformed block. The damage in rubble mound breakwaters has been summarized based on historical and future perspectives by [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Wave Dissipating Blocks Composing a Detached Breakwater to Waves with Various Periods

Kakinuma¹

2022

J. Civ. Eng. Constr.

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We discuss the response of the wave dissipating blocks composing a detached breakwater to the waves with various periods, based on both the experimental and numerical results. First, in the hydraulic experiments, the number of the blocks fallen by the irregular waves was the largest when the still water level is moderate, namely the HWL. When the large and long wave is incident, the overflow that lasted for a long time fell many blocks at the back of the breakwater. When the irregular waves, long wave, and irregular waves are continuously incident in this order, the first irregular wave train shifted several blocks, and the subsequent long wave dropped these shifted blocks, displacing the blocks around them, whereafter the second irregular wave train dropped many of the displaced blocks. Second, in the vertically two-dimensional calculations, when the long wave struck the breakwater, a large-scale vortex was created near the seabed in front of the breakwater and remained during the pushing wave. The overflow due to the long wave generated negative wave pressure at the top behind the breakwater. Based on both the numerical and experimental results behind the breakwater, when a large positive wave pressure is generated after a negative wave pressure that is not large in absolute value, the number of fallen blocks will reduce. When large and short waves cause overtopping, and negative wave pressure frequently appears behind a breakwater, the blocks at the back of the breakwater can gradually shift, loosening their engagement.

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Damage in Rubble Mound Breakwaters. Part II: Review of the Definition, Parameterization, and Measurement of Damage

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Structural health monitoring of inland navigation structures and ports: a review on developments and challenges

Structural health monitoring of inland navigation structures and ports: a review on developments and challenges

On-Site Stability Assessment of Rubble Mound Breakwaters Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Photogrammetry and Random Sample Consensus

Response of Wave Dissipating Blocks Composing a Detached Breakwater to Waves with Various Periods

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