Dal Lebensraum allo spazio vitale – la ricezione politica del pensiero di Ratzel in Italia, 1900–1943

Abstract

Abstract. The debate on the political role of Ratzel's thinking during the first half of the 20th century usually focuses on Nazi Germany and the concept of Lebensraum, but provides little information about its reception in other linguistic contexts. In order to fill this gap, the paper explores the re-elaboration of Ratzel's political geography in Italy from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of the fascist period, when the term of “spazio vitale” (living space) became a key element of the Italian projects for the postwar “new order”. The paper argues that the Italian understanding of Ratzel oscillated between irredentist and imperialist interpretations, deeply influenced by the domestic and international situation. Moreover, it traces how the second interpretation emerged at the very beginning of the century – long before Rudolf Kjellén and Karl Haushofer – and gained momentum in the 1930s, as Italian intellectuals used the concept of living space to promote expansionism and the trilateral rapprochement with Germany and Japan.

History and philosophy of geography I: Heterodox progress, critical scepticism and intellectual voluminosity

“…2 While the first analyses Ratzel’s concepts of geography in the scientific context of the 19th century, the later focuses on Ratzel institutional reception in various linguistic contexts. This results in examination of the re-elaboration of Ratzel’s biogeography in Italian academia in 1880–1920 (Proto, 2022), of his political geography in 1930s Italy (Bassoni, 2022), of his anthropogeography through Semple’s American reception (Klinke, 2022) and his receptions, uses and transformations in the French geography of the inter-war period (Ginsburger, 2023), or even the relevance of Ratzel’s Lebensraumtheorie for the National Socialist policy in Germany (Jureit, 2023).…”