Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intakes and prostate cancer risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort

Tseng, Marilyn; Breslow, Rosalind A.; Graubard, Barry I.; Ziegler, Regina G.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1147

Cited by 142 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, few studies have reported on protein intake in relation to risk (Severson et al, 1989;Schuurman et al, 1999;Chan et al, 2000), and, to our knowledge, this is the first study to examine specifically the association of dairy protein in risk. An alternative hypothesis is that dairy products may increase prostate cancer risk via their high calcium content, and our finding of a positive association with calcium intake is consistent with some (Chan et al, 2001;Gao et al, 2005;Tseng et al, 2005;Giovannucci et al, 2006;Kesse et al, 2006;Ahn et al, 2007;Mitrou et al, 2007), but not all, prospective studies (Koh et al, 2006;Severi et al, 2006;Rohrmann et al, 2007). It has been suggested that a high calcium intake may increase risk by suppressing the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which has an antitumour effect on human prostatic cells in vitro (Giovannucci, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

et al. 2008

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We examined consumption of animal foods, protein and calcium in relation to risk of prostate cancer among 142 251 men in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Associations were examined using Cox regression, stratified by recruitment centre and adjusted for height, weight, education, marital status and energy intake. After an average of 8.7 years of follow-up, there were 2727 incident cases of prostate cancer, of which 1131 were known to be localised and 541 advanced-stage disease. A high intake of dairy protein was associated with an increased risk, with a hazard ratio for the top versus the bottom fifth of intake of 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07 -1.41, P trend ¼ 0.02). After calibration to allow for measurement error, we estimated that a 35-g day À1 increase in consumption of dairy protein was associated with an increase in the risk of prostate cancer of 32% (95% CI: 1 -72%, P trend ¼ 0.04). Calcium from dairy products was also positively associated with risk, but not calcium from other foods. The results support the hypothesis that a high intake of protein or calcium from dairy products may increase the risk for prostate cancer.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

et al. 2008

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“…After adjustment for calcium intake, neither vitamin D nor phosphorus was associated with risk. 96 A multiethnic cohort study (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002) examined the association of high intakes of calcium and dairy products with prostate cancer risk among 82 483 men who completed a detailed quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutrient and food intakes were divided into quintiles and no association was found between calcium and vitamin D intake and total, advanced or high-grade prostate cancer risk.…”

Section: Search Strategy and Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological literature

Gupta

Lammersfeld

Trukova

et al. 2009

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Prostate cells contain vitamin D receptors as well as enzymes necessary for vitamin D metabolism. Vitamin D metabolites have an antiproliferative and a pro-differentiating effect on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. As a result, there has been an emerging interest in the potential role of vitamin D in the etiology of prostate cancer. This review summarizes all available epidemiological literature on the association between dietary vitamin D, circulating levels of vitamin D and sunlight exposure in relation to prostate cancer risk. To place these studies in context, we also provide some background information on vitamin D, such as its dietary sources, metabolism, optimal levels, hypovitaminosis and relationship with the prostate.

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“…A growing body of evidence tends to suggest a protective effect of high dietary 4 calcium intake on colorectal cancer (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) and breast cancer risk (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Meanwhile, a 5 number of studies have suggested that high calcium intake might increase the risk of 6 prostate cancer (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). 7 8 Magnesium is another important mineral with various metabolic and physiological 9 functions that influence carcinogenesis (22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Introduction 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)

Kaaks

Linseisen

et al. 2011

Cancer Causes Control

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To prospectively evaluate the associations of dietary calcium and magnesium intake with cancer incidence and mortality, data of 24,323 participants of the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg), who were aged 35-64 years and cancer-free at recruitment (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998), were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression models. After an average follow-up time of 11 years, 2,050 incident cancers were diagnosed and 513 cancer deaths occurred. Dietary calcium intake was inversely but not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR] for per 100 mg increase in intake: 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88, 1.02) and lung cancer risk (HR for per 100 mg increase in intake: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.02). No statistically significant associations were observed between dietary calcium intake and site-specific or overall cancer incidence or mortality. Dietary magnesium intake was not statistically significantly associated with any of the investigated outcomes. This prospective cohort study provides no strong evidence to support that high dietary calcium and magnesium intake in the intake range observed in a German population may reduce cancer incidence or mortality. To prospectively evaluate the association of dietary calcium and magnesium intake with 2 cancer incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality, the authors analyzed data of 3 24,323 participants of the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation 4 into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg), who were aged 35-64 years and cancer-5 free at recruitment stage (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998), using multivariate Cox regression models. After an 6 average follow-up time of 11 years, 2,050 incident cancers were diagnosed and 513 7 cancer deaths occurred (all-cause deaths = 1,161). Dietary calcium intake was inversely 8 but not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (hazard ratio (HR) 9for per 100-mg increase of intake: 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 1.02) and 10 lung cancer risk (HR for per 100-mg increase of intake: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.02). No 11 statistically significant association was observed between dietary calcium intake and total 12 cancer incidence. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of dietary calcium 13 intake, participants in the highest quartile had an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 14 1.20; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.45; P trend = 0.09; HR for per 100-mg increase of intake: 1.02; 95% 15 CI: 1.00, 1.05). Dietary magnesium intake was not statistically significantly related to 16 any of the investigated outcomes. This prospective cohort study provides no strong 17 evidence to support the preventive effect of dietary calcium and magnesium intake on 18 cancer incidence and mortality. However, this study suggests a mild adverse effect of 19 dietary calcium intake on all-cause mortality. 20 21

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Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intakes and prostate cancer risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort

Cited by 142 publications

References 28 publications

Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological literature

Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)

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