Daily Radiation Budget of the Baltic Sea Surface from Satellite Data

Abstract

Recently developed system for assessment of radiation budget for the Baltic

Application of Shape Moments for Cloudiness Assessment in Marine Environmental Research

“…The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and parameterizes the detection of satellite image features. In the next step, the set of relations (11) and ( 12) will be used in the application of machine learning and for classifying cloudiness based on structural sums and the analysis of feature vectors (e 2 , e 22 , e 33 , e 44 ) and {M mn }.…”

“…Therefore, we treat a set of clouds as a two-dimensional geometrical object, as a multi-connected domain on the macroscopic level, and, as well, as an elliptical approximation assigned to a separate cloud. The atmospheric energy level (e.g., the amount of radiation reaching the sea surface [11]) is described by transmission equations with appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The shape functions approximate the locations of spectrally and spatially defined areas with ellipses embedded in a plane.…”

Semi-Empirical Model of Remote-Sensing Reflectance for Chosen Areas of the Southern Baltic

“…In recent years, there has been observed an intensive development of bio-optical models and algorithms describing the relationships between the optical properties of water and its composition. Methods for measuring radiation from different spectral ranges allowed developing many useful algorithms, which associate water properties with various physical, chemical, and biological processes [6,[8][9][10][11][12]. For coastal ocean waters, internal seas (such as the Baltic Sea) and other waters classified as Case 2 waters (lakes, rivers), the correlations between optical properties and the surface concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a) are much weaker than in Case 1 waters and are often purely local.…”

“…We can see that aCDOM has the greatest contribution in the total absorption at a wavelength of 420 nm and its average percentage is 68%, while the average shares of other absorption coefficients are aph-20% and ad-12%. The relationships between aph(λi) and Chl a (Equations ( 7)- (10)) and also between ad(λi) and SPM (Equations ( 11)-( 14)), or between bbp(λi) and SPM (Equations ( 15)-( 18)) are well approximated by power functions such as: aph(420)cal = 0.056(Chl a) 0.827 , (7) aph(488)cal = 0.037(Chl a) 0.820 , ( 8)…”

“…aph(620)cal = 0.008(Chl a) 0.926 , (10) ad(420)cal = 0.071(SPM) 0.809 , (11) ad(488)cal = 0.045(SPM) 0.762 , (12) ad(555)cal = 0.031(SPM) 0.646 , (13) ad(620)cal = 0.002(SPM) 0.592 , ( 14) bbp(420)cal = 0.011(SPM) 0.911 , (15) bbp(488)cal = 0.008(SPM) 0.891 , ( 16) bbp(555)cal = 0.007(SPM) 0.935 , (17) bbp(620)cal = 0.005(SPM) 0.881 . (18) Relationships between aCDOM(λi) and aCDOM(400) (Equations ( 19)-( 22)) are well approximated by second order non-linear exponential functions: .…”