Daily mortality and particulate matter in different size classes in Erfurt, Germany

Stölzel, Matthias; Breitner, Susanne; Cyrys, Josef; Pitz, Mike; Wölke, Gabriele; Kreyling, Wolfgang G.; Heinrich, Joachim; Wichmann, H‐Erich; Peters, Annette

doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500538

Cited by 213 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Ultrafine particles (UFP) are increasingly studied because of considerations of their toxicology and possible human health effects (Oberdo¨rster et al, 2005; Bra¨uner et al, 2007a, b;Sto¨lzel et al, 2007). Outdoor UFP concentrations were measured for 1-2 years in several US cities (U.S. EPA Supersites program; Solomon et al, 2008), and near roadways in California (Zhu et al, 2002) and also in Erfurt and Augsberg, Germany (Wichmann et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposure to ultrafine particles

Wallace¹,

Ott

2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

220

153

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Personal exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) can occur while people are cooking, driving, smoking, operating small appliances such as hair dryers, or eating out in restaurants. These exposures can often be higher than outdoor concentrations. For 3 years, portable monitors were employed in homes, cars, and restaurants. More than 300 measurement periods in several homes were documented, along with 25 h of driving two cars, and 22 visits to restaurants. Cooking on gas or electric stoves and electric toaster ovens was a major source of UFP, with peak personal exposures often exceeding 100,000 particles/cm 3 and estimated emission rates in the neighborhood of 10 12 particles/min. Other common sources of high UFP exposures were cigarettes, a vented gas clothes dryer, an air popcorn popper, candles, an electric mixer, a toaster, a hair dryer, a curling iron, and a steam iron. Relatively low indoor UFP emissions were noted for a fireplace, several space heaters, and a laser printer. Driving resulted in moderate exposures averaging about 30,000 particles/cm 3 in each of two cars driven on 17 trips on major highways on the East and West Coasts. Most of the restaurants visited maintained consistently high levels of 50,000-200,000 particles/cm 3 for the entire length of the meal. The indoor/outdoor ratios of size-resolved UFP were much lower than for PM 2.5 or PM 10 , suggesting that outdoor UFP have difficulty in penetrating a home. This in turn implies that outdoor concentrations of UFP have only a moderate effect on personal exposures if indoor sources are present. A time-weighted scenario suggests that for typical suburban nonsmoker lifestyles, indoor sources provide about 47% and outdoor sources about 36% of total daily UFP exposure and in-vehicle exposures add the remainder (17%). However, the effect of one smoker in the home results in an overwhelming increase in the importance of indoor sources (77% of the total). Keywords: cooking, restaurants, gas stoves, electric stoves, vehicles, tobacco smoke. IntroductionUltrafine particles (UFP) are increasingly studied because of considerations of their toxicology and possible human health effects (Oberdo¨rster et al., 2005; Bra¨uner et al., 2007a, b;Sto¨lzel et al., 2007). Outdoor UFP concentrations were measured for 1-2 years in several US cities (U.S. EPA Supersites program; Solomon et al., 2008), and near roadways in California (Zhu et al., 2002) and also in Erfurt and Augsberg, Germany (Wichmann et al., 2000). Residential indoor concentrations have also been reported (Abt et al., 2000;Dennekamp et al., 2001;Long et al., 2001;Wallace and Howard-Reed, 2002;Klepeis et al., 2003;He et al., 2004;Wallace, 2000Wallace, , 2005Wallace, , 2006Wallace et al., 2004Wallace et al., , 2008Hoek et al., 2008). A number of studies of exposures while driving have been done (Westerdahl et al., 2005;Fruin et al., 2008;Zhu et al., 2008). However, exposures in locations such as restaurants or while operating everyday sources of UFP close to one's person (stoves, toasters, ovens, hair dryers...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposure to ultrafine particles

Wallace¹,

Ott

2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

220

153

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“…Indeed, ambient UFP exposures may promote symptoms such as wheezing, cough, and shortness of breath among adult asthmatics (Von Klot et al, 2002), and some evidence suggests that the respiratory effects of UFPs are either as strong or stronger than those of larger fine (PM 2.5 ) or course (PM 10 ) particles (Peters et al, 1997;Penttinen et al, 2001a, b). In addition, UFP exposures may trigger adverse cardiovascular outcomes and contribute to cardiovascular mortality among susceptible individuals (Wichmann et al, 2000;Sto¨lzel et al, 2006). Specifically, increases in ambient UFP counts of approximately 10,000/ cm 3 have been associated with increases in daily mortality of 3% (Sto¨lzel et al, 2006) and 4.5% (Wichmann et al, 2000), respectively, with a lag of 4 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, UFP exposures may trigger adverse cardiovascular outcomes and contribute to cardiovascular mortality among susceptible individuals (Wichmann et al, 2000;Sto¨lzel et al, 2006). Specifically, increases in ambient UFP counts of approximately 10,000/ cm 3 have been associated with increases in daily mortality of 3% (Sto¨lzel et al, 2006) and 4.5% (Wichmann et al, 2000), respectively, with a lag of 4 days. Similar increases in personal UFP exposures have also been associated with decreased heart rate variability among subjects with impaired lung function (Chan et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of ultrafine particle exposures in transportation environments: findings of an 8-month survey conducted in Montréal, Canada

Weichenthal

Dufresne

Infante‐Rivard

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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An 8-month sampling campaign was conducted in Montre´al, Canada to explore determinants of ultrafine particle (UFP) exposures in transportation environments and to develop models to predict such exposures. Between April and November 2006, UFP (0.02-1 mm) count exposure data were collected for one researcher during 80 morning and evening commutes including a 0.5-km walk, a 3-km bus ride, and a 26-km automobile ride in each direction. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind speed/direction data were collected for each transit period and the positions of bus and automobile windows were recorded. Mixing heights were also estimated. Morning UFP exposures were significantly greater than those in the evening, with the highest levels observed in the automobile and the lowest while walking. Wind speed and mixing height were highly correlated, and as a result only wind speed was considered in multivariable models owing to the accessibility of quantitative hourly monitoring data. In these models, each 101C increase in morning temperature was associated with decreases of 14,560/cm 3 (95% CI ¼ 11,111 to 18,020), 8160/cm 3 (95% CI ¼ 5060 to 11,260), and 11,310/ cm 3 (95% CI ¼ 6820 to 15,810) for UFP exposures in walk, bus, and automobile environments, respectively. Likewise, each 10-km/h increase in morning wind speed corresponded to decreases of 8252/cm 3 (95% CI ¼ 5130 to 11,360), 6210/cm 3 (95% CI ¼ 3420 to 9000), and 6350/cm 3 (95% CI ¼ 2440 to 10,260) for UFP exposures in walk, bus, and automobile environments, respectively. Similar trends were observed in the evening hours. In an evaluation of model performance, moderate correlations were observed between measured and predicted UFP exposures on new bus (r ¼ 0.65) and automobile (r ¼ 0.77) routes. Further research is required to incorporate variables such as traffic density and vehicle ventilation settings into the models presented.

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“…Although some pathways are better understood for some of these PM components, such as ultrafine particles, which have been shown to be toxic (Öberdorster et al 2005) and connected with oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and mortality (Bräuner et al 2007;Stölzel et al 2007), the components responsible for these health effects still remain unknown (National Academy of Science, 1998). Recent exposure studies that have examined residential continuous PM measurements are limited in terms of number of homes and days of measurements available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Using Continuous Monitors in Multiple Residences

Wheeler¹,

Wallace²,

Kearney³

et al. 2011

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Concentrations of airborne continuous fine particulate matter or (PM 2.5 ), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (UFP) were continuously measured over 5 days in winter and summer both indoors and outdoors at residences for forty-eight adults in 2005 and forty-seven asthmatic children in 2006. During 2006, personal concentrations of PM 2.5 were also measured continuously. All 4 continuous instruments employed performed well both in laboratory and field conditions. Mean outdoor concentrations of PM 2.5 , BC, and UFP were significantly higher than either indoor or personal concentrations. Air exchange rates were low (median value only 0.2/h), there was widespread use of central forced air and high-quality furnace filters. Outdoor concentrations of all particle-related pollutants showed overnight decreases followed by increases during the morning rush hours. Afternoon concentrations increased for UFP and decreased for BC, with PM 2.5 staying about the same. Between 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm, indoor UFP and PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded their mean daily values by 160% and 60%, respectively, suggesting that cooking is an extremely important source for these two pollutants. However, BC values did not increase at these hours. The highest indoor-outdoor ratios were observed for UFP suggesting that indoor sources were relatively more important for UFP than for other particle components. BC measurements in Windsor agreed moderately well (R 2 = 41%) with an independent measure of elemental carbon (EC) in Detroit. This large residential air pollution study has provided data making it possible to identify short-term variations and possible sources that can influence the relationships between pollutants and environments.

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Daily mortality and particulate matter in different size classes in Erfurt, Germany

Cited by 213 publications

References 56 publications

Personal exposure to ultrafine particles

Personal exposure to ultrafine particles

Determinants of ultrafine particle exposures in transportation environments: findings of an 8-month survey conducted in Montréal, Canada

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Using Continuous Monitors in Multiple Residences

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