Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women

Iron Deficiency Anemia

“…16 Although it is clear that frank anemia can affect performance, there is increasing evidence that nonanemic iron deficiency also may be detrimental. 16,[19][20][21] Patients who have inflammatory bowel disease have a high incidence of iron deficiency. 22 Iron insufficiencies are due to the presence of inflamed bowel losing blood, as well as the marked inflammatory state leading to a rise in hepcidin levels blocking iron absorption.…”

“…80 In general, any man with unexplained iron deficiency or any woman older than 40 should undergo upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. 21 Routine gastric biopsy may diagnose atrophic gastritis or H pylori infections. 81 For premenopausal women, the recommendations are that women older than 40 should undergo testing, as well as those with gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, or blood in the stool.…”

Novel Iron-Whey Protein Microspheres Protect Gut Epithelial Cells from Iron-Related Oxidative Stress and Damage and Improve Iron Absorption in Fasting Adults

“…The prevention and treatment of iron deficiency is a major public health goal, particularly for women and young children [1,2,3,4,5]. However, oral iron remains poorly absorbed despite decades of food fortification and supplementation, and has resulted in the widespread use of poorly tolerated, high-dose formulations [3,4,11,12,14].…”

“…The commonest causes of iron deficiency in the general population are inadequate intake, poor absorption of iron and, in particular, menstruation [1,2,3,4,5]. This helps explain the increased daily iron requirement and higher deficiency rates in women versus men [5,6,7,8]. Supplementation with oral iron is well established to prevent and treat iron deficiency anaemia and symptomatic fatigue [5].…”

“…This helps explain the increased daily iron requirement and higher deficiency rates in women versus men [5,6,7,8]. Supplementation with oral iron is well established to prevent and treat iron deficiency anaemia and symptomatic fatigue [5]. However, iron food fortification and oral iron supplements are frequently limited by poor absorption and poor tolerability [3,4,7,8].…”