Daily Consumption of Coffee and Eating Bread at Breakfast Time Is Associated with Lower Visceral Adipose Tissue and with Lower Prevalence of Both Visceral Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to investigate the association between daily consumption of coffee or green tea, with and without habitual bread consumption for breakfast, and components and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese populations. Methods: The study population consisted of 3539 participants (1239 males and 2300 females). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analyses to evaluate the associations of daily coffee and green tea consumption with the prevalence of obesity, visceral obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Results: Coffee consumption was associated with significantly lower proportions of visceral obesity (OR: 0.746, CI: 0.588–0.947) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.706, CI: 0.565–0.882). On the other hand, green tea was not associated with visceral obesity (OR: 1.105, CI: 0.885–1.380) or metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.980, CI: 0.796–1.206). The combination of daily drinking coffee and eating bread at breakfast time was associated with significantly lower proportions of obesity (OR: 0.613, CI: 0.500–0.751) (p = 0.911 for interaction), visceral obesity (OR: 0.549, CI: 0.425–0.710) (p = 0.991 for interaction), and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.586, CI: 0.464–0.741) (p = 0.792 for interaction). Conclusion: Coffee consumption was significantly associated with lower visceral adipose tissue and lower proportions of visceral obesity, but the same was not true for green tea consumption. Furthermore, in combination with coffee consumption, the addition of eating bread at breakfast time significantly lowered proportions of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome, although there was no interaction between coffee and bread.

Correlations between Coffee Consumption and Metabolic Phenotypes, Plasma Folate, and Vitamin B12: NHANES 2003 to 2006

“…Independent studies have indicated that gene–diet interactions may be associated with lower BMI among genetically predisposed individuals who drank 1–3 cups of coffee/day [ 27 ]. Similarly, daily consumption of coffee with bread was associated with lower visceral adipose tissue and lower prevalence of visceral obesity and MetS among Japanese population [ 72 ]. However, high coffee consumption of ≥3 cups/day was positively associated with obesity among Korean women [ 73 ].…”

A Healthy Diet Rich in Calcium and Vitamin C Is Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Korean Adults from the KNHANES 2013–2017

“…The relationship between skipping breakfast and metabolic diseases remains a controversial issue, particularly in adults. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive association of not having breakfast with cardiometabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia resulting from the metabolic syndrome in different countries, including Japan, Iran, and German, with different dietary patterns [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Inconsistent results might be related to no consideration of gender differences in adults.…”

Effect of Polyphenols Intake on Obesity-Induced Maternal Programming

“…Nordestgaard et al [ 75 ] conducted a Mendelian randomization study including 93,179 subjects, and showed that the consumption of up to four cups of coffee per day was associated with a lower risk of obesity than non-coffee drinkers. Similarly, Koyama et al [ 76 ] reported that the daily coffee intake was associated with lower levels of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome in a population of 3539 Japanese. Another clinical study indicated that 30 obese women who consumed 180 mg of CGA for eight weeks presented significant reductions in body weight, BMI, and fat mass indices as well as lower serum LDL, TC, leptin, and plasma free FA levels when compared with 34 obese women from the placebo group [ 77 ].…”