Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria Species Causing Black Foot Disease of Andean Blackberry (Rubus Glaucus Benth) in Ecuador

Abstract

Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) plants from the provinces of Tungurahua and Bolivar (Ecuador) started showing symptoms of black foot disease since 2010. Wilted plants were sampled in both provinces from 2014 to 2017, and fungal isolates were obtained from tissues surrounding necrotic lesions in the cortex of the roots and crown. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing of histone 3 and the translation elongation factor 1α gene, isolates were identified as one of seven species, Ilyonectria vredehoekensis, Ilyonectria robusta, Ilyonectria venezuelensis, Ilyonectria europaea, Dactylonectria torresensis, or Dactylonectria novozelandica. Pathogenicity tests with isolates from each species, excluding I. europaea and D. novozelandica whose isolates were lost due to contamination, confirmed that the four species tested can produce black foot disease symptoms in Andean blackberry. This is the first report of Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria species causing black foot disease of Andean blackberry.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the pathogenic fungus Ilyonectria destructans

“…Mora-Sala et al 5 also reported the occurrence of species belonging to the genera Cylindrodendrum, Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria associated with seedlings of diverse hosts showing decline symptoms in forest nurseries in Spain. Sánchez et al 6 showed that Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria species cause black foot disease in Andean blackberry. Moreover, Cylindrocarpon root rot may be responsible for losses up to 30% on ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium ) 7 and plays an important role in black foot rot of grapevines 8 .…”

Control Biológico: Una herramienta para una agricultura sustentable, un punto de vista de sus beneficios en Ecuador

“…The blackberries are badly affected by black foot disease, an important disease in producing areas, which was found to be caused by the fungus Dactylonectria torresensis 78 . The antagonistic capacity of isolates of Trichoderma spp.…”

“…In a further trial, on the productivity (yield and weight of the fruit) of the blackberry crop the application of T. asperellum (1.53 x 10 9 CFU/g) produced an increase in yield between 13% and 29% compared to the control. Application of the fungus resulted in larger berries with an increase of 1 g/berry in the treatments where the beneficial fungus was applied 78,50 . During the trials, is was con-firmed that, with periodic (monthly) inoculations of Trichoderma sp.…”

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“…For example, Tewoldemedhin et al (2011) reported that these species, specifically C. destructans, caused lesion development on various seedling roots. C. destructans, which was later classified as a new genus called Ilyonectria [22], may either cause a rotting root or trigger a "rusty" root in plants [23]. While the rotting root is a result of a complete invasion of plants by the pathogen through the excretion of fungal enzymes, the "rusty" root is a defense mechanism employed by plants by producing iron phenolic compounds.…”