D2-40 lymphatic marker for detecting lymphatic invasion in thin to intermediate thickness melanomas: Association with sentinel lymph node status and prognostic value—A retrospective case study

Prognostic Implication of Lymphovascular Invasion Detected by Double Immunostaining for D2-40 and MITF1 in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma

“…Our findings confirm the results of several studies demonstrating that immunohistochemistry for D2-40 increased 16 showed that D2-40 immunohistochemistry increased the LVI detection rate to 22% (from 3% using only H&E staining). Xu et al 17 showed that H&E alone detected LVI in 5 (5%) of 106 PCM, whereas dual immunostaining for podoplanin and S-100 and multispectral imaging analysis identified LVI in 35 patients (33%).…”

“…Through multivariate analysis, Niakosari et al 13 also found that D2-40-detected LVI, younger age, and ulceration were independent prognostic factors for SLN metastasis. Fohn et al 16 showed that D2-40-detected LVI was the most significant predictor of SLN metastasis, whereas Doeden et al 18 showed that a combination of LVI and intratumoral lymphatics had higher positive and negative predictive values for the risk of developing SLN metastasis compared with routine histology and LVI. However, Petitt et al 19 showed no association between LVI and SLN status: 8 of 10 melanomas with LVI were SLN-negative, possibly owing to the small patient sample.…”

D2-40 immunohistochemical overexpression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: A marker of metastatic risk

“…7 More recently, lymphatic endothelial markers, such as lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1, and monoclonal antibody D2-40 (a monoclonal antibody against human podoplanin), have been used to enhance the detection of lymphatic invasion in several malignancies, such as breast, lung, esophagus, colon, gastric, and uterine tumors [8][9][10][11][12][13] and malignant melanoma. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Some authors have proposed lymphatic invasion as a predictor of sentinel node positivity in malignant melanoma. 15,19,21 The expression of podoplanin is not restricted to lymphatic endothelial cells.…”

Vascular invasion detected by orcein staining and its significance in different tumours, with emphasis on colorectal cancer

“…The studies on the significance of vascular invasion in melanoma came to different conclusions. Some reports suggest that vascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor [58][59][60], others hold the opposite view [55][56][57]. Vascular invasion can be detected on standard slides, however, immunohistochemistry to demonstrate endothelial cells might be useful.…”

“…Vascular invasion can be detected on standard slides, however, immunohistochemistry to demonstrate endothelial cells might be useful. The use of immunohistochemistry enhances the identification of vessel invasion in melanoma [52,56,58,59]. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the value of using elastic stains to identify vascular invasion in this tumour type, although these staining methods are reported to be useful in the evaluation of vascular invasion in colorectal, gastric and oesophageal cancer [2 ,8-10, 42, 59, 61, 62].…”