“…The basic objective of ILC is to overcome the imperfect knowledge of the plant using previous tracking information and to achieve output tracking through repetition [2−5] . This makes ILC schemes particularly useful in applications with repetitive tasks, such as robot manipulator [6] , tracking problem of the taking-off and landing planes [7] , freeway traffic control [8] , waste-water treatment [9] , piezoelectric positioning stage system [10] , heat flux boundary control [11] , etc. The ILC algorithm has been developed widely from classical ILC [12] , higher-order ILC [13,14] , robust ILC [15,16] , optimal ILC [17] to adaptive ILC [18−22] for the last two decades.…”