D region electron-density distributions from propagation data

Bain, W.C.; May, B.R.

doi:10.1049/piee.1967.0306

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Consider now the true stationary-phase height. As shown by Bain and May [4] the relative phase between the downcoming wave at the point R (see Fig. 1) and the hig.…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…A computer program by Berry and Herman [3] has been in widespread use for this purpose. This program uses a formula for reflection height which is correct for high angles of incidence, but at lower angles of incidence, corresponding to shorter transmission paths, it would appear to be better to obtain reflection height from the angle of incidence calculated by the method of stationary phase, as described by Bain and May [4]. It is the purpose of this paper to bring out the relation between the two approaches and to point out where the wave-hop technique can be relied on.…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wave-hop method of calculating propagation at LF and VLF, and stationary phase

Bain

1985

IEE Proc. H Microw. Antennas Propag. UK

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The wave-hop method of calculating propagation at LF and VLF does not use the stationary-phase relation to determine reflection height and is therefore liable to error, particularly at short distances. Stationary phase is introduced into the wave-hop calculations and examples are given of the results. The errors are frequently very small but this is not always the case. List of principal symbols= complex reflection coefficient = phase of ,,/?,, (with various suffices) = 2n/X, where X = radio wavelength = distance from transmitter to receiver = reflection height from the original program = triangulation heightTheoretical considerationThe wave-hop technique of calculating propagation at LF and VLF has been employed with success for many years following its introduction by Berry and others [1, 2] in 1964. A computer program by Berry and Herman [3] has been in widespread use for this purpose. This program uses a formula for reflection height which is correct for high angles of incidence, but at lower angles of incidence, corresponding to shorter transmission paths, it would appear to be better to obtain reflection height from the angle of incidence calculated by the method of stationary phase, as described by Bain and May [4]. It is the purpose of this paper to bring out the relation between the two approaches and to point out where the wave-hop technique can be relied on. The case of a plane wave, obliquely incident upon a plane horizontally-stratified ionosphere, and a plane earth will be treated here for simplicity. The assumption of a plane horizontally-stratified ionosphere was made both by Berry and Herman, and by Bain and May. The analysis below applies to the single-hop case; where multihops are involved similar arguments apply to the individual hops.Berry and Herman [3] state that their reflection height (termed h r here) is a quasistationary phase height. It is calculated as follows from the relation between the phases of ,,R,, at two different heights. If the phase at zero height is 9 0 and at height h r it is 9 r , then this relation is [5] 9 r = 9 0 + 2kh r cos (1) It is known that the phase of ,,/?,, is nearly constant and equal to n over a range of angles of incidence near grazing if h r is given an appropriate value. To find this value put 9 r = n in eqn. 1, and h r is then given by h r = (n -9 0 )/2k cos /(2)Paper 3665H (E8, Ell), first 138 for / near n/2. (This explanation of the derivation of eqn. 2 was given by Campbell [6].) This value for h r , derived for / near n/2, is used in the wave-hop program for all angles of incidence. Consider now the true stationary-phase height. As shown by Bain and May [4] the relative phase between the downcoming wave at the point R (see Fig. 1) and the hig. 1The transmission path (r)from T to R along a plane earth, and the sky-wave path (2 p) via a reflection from the triangulation height H upgoing wave at T is 0, where (j) = 6 0 -kr sin / (3)and r is the horizontal distance between T and R. 0 o is the phase difference between the downcoming and upgoing waves at R...

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“…Consider now the true stationary-phase height. As shown by Bain and May [4] the relative phase between the downcoming wave at the point R (see Fig. 1) and the hig.…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Theoretical Considerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave-hop method of calculating propagation at LF and VLF, and stationary phase

Bain

1985

IEE Proc. H Microw. Antennas Propag. UK

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“…In the ELF range the daytime conditions are illustrated by using the electron density profiles of Deeks [1966] and Bain and May [1967] in conjunction with ion contributions as discussed by Galejs [1970]. The calculations used in Figure 6 refer to <k and z-dir•ted horizontal magnetic dipole sources at altitudes of yo = 90 or 95 km.…”

Section: Frequency -Kc/smentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitation of the Terrestrial Wave Guide by Sources in the Lower Ionosphere

Galejs¹

1971

Radio Science

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The effectiveness of a dipole source within the ionosphere is determined relative to a ground based source of the same dipole moment. The earth-to-ionospheric cavity is excited best if dip angles of the geomagnetic field are in excess of 15 ø to 20 ø . In the optimum orientation the axes of electric and magnetic dipoles are transverse to the geomagnetic field; axial electric dipoles are particularly ineffective. For frequencies in the VLF range the relative effectiveness of an ionospheric source is about 10% at nighttime and 1% at daytime. In the ELF range the relative effectiveness is from 20 to 100%.

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“…It is sometimes suggested that the D region can be considered to be formed by two different "layers": a "D layer" formed by the solar photoionization of NO by Ly-α and peaking near 90 km, and a "C layer" near 64 to 68 km formed by cosmic ray ionization (e.g., Deeks 1966;Bain and May 1967;Abdu et al 1973). The idea of the C layer was first introduced to understand very low frequency (VLF, 3-30 kHz) radar propagation observations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Reid

2015

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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The application of medium-frequency (MF) and high-frequency (HF) partial reflection radar to investigate the neutral upper atmosphere is one of the oldest such techniques still regularly in use. The techniques have been continuously improved and remain a robust and reliable method of obtaining wind velocities, turbulence intensities, electron densities, and measurements of atmospheric structure in the mesosphere lower thermosphere (MLT) region (50 to 110 km). In this paper, we review recent developments, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, and consider possible improvements.

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D region electron-density distributions from propagation data

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Wave-hop method of calculating propagation at LF and VLF, and stationary phase

Wave-hop method of calculating propagation at LF and VLF, and stationary phase

Excitation of the Terrestrial Wave Guide by Sources in the Lower Ionosphere

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

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