D-limonene (5 (one-methyl-four-[1-methylethenyl]) cyclohexane) diminishes CCl₄-induced cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiac markers

Abstract

Background: The cardiovascular crisis is advancing rapidly throughout the world. A large number of studies have shown that plant polyphenols affect major mechanisms involved in cardiovascular events through their action on the antioxidant system, signaling, and transcription pathways. D-limonene, a monocyclic monoterpene obtained from citrus fruits, is reported to possess many pharmacological activities. Methods: The experiment was designed to determine the protective effect of D-limonene against cardiac injury induced by CCl 4 in Wistar rats. Rats were treated with two doses of D-limonene against cardiac injury induced by CCl 4 . Serum toxicity markers, cardiac toxicity biomarker enzymes, inflammatory mediators, anti-oxidant armory, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, and histology were done. Results: CCl 4 intoxication resulted in a substantial rise in FFA, TC, TG, PL, LDL, VLDL, and a reduction in HDL, restoring these changes with the administration of D-limonene at a dosage of 200 mg/kg. CCl 4 administration also resulted in lipid oxidation and decreased antioxidant activity. At the same time, D-limonene at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight inhibited LPO and restored in vivo antioxidant components to normal. CC l 4 intoxication also resulted in a significant increase in inflammatory markers like IL-6, TNF-α, high sensitivity Corticotropin Releasing Factor (Hs-CRF), and biomarkers of cardiac toxicity like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CKMB), and Troponin I & troponin-t activities. D-limonene reversed all these changes to normal. Histology further confirmed our obtained results. Conclusion: These findings indicate that D-limonene can ameliorate cardiac injury at a 200 mg/kg body weight dosage. Henceforth, D-Limonene intervenes in mediating CCl 4 induced toxicity by various signaling pathways.

Design, synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and in silico studies of the activity of novel spiro pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives

“…They inhibited lipooxygenase and decreased inflammatory markers like TNF-α and IL-6. 68 Additionally, new cyclohexane fused spiroselenuranes showed potent antioxidant activity. 69 It has been reported that some azaspiro compounds had antioxidant and antielastase activity, 70 as it was found that human neutrophil elastase modulates cytokine and growth factor expression.…”

Content of Organic Acid and Essential Fatty Acid in Natural Sweet Chestnuts Growing in Giresun/Turkey

“…Limonene is a monoterpene with a citrus odor at room temperature, commonly found in plants of the Rutaceae family. It is abundant in citrus plants such as lemon, grapefruit, and orange and in grapes (Amini et al 2020;AlSaffar et al 2022). Monoterpenes are known to have anticancer properties (Sobral et al 2014).…”

Recent Advances in Chemistry and Antioxidant/Anticancer Biology of Monoterpene and Meroterpenoid Natural Product

“…d -Limonene ( 8 , Figure 4 ) is a chiral, cyclic monoterpene that has been shown to have both anticancer and antioxidant properties. A study conducted in vivo animal models showed this compound’s ameliorative effect on chloroform induced cardiotoxicity by lowering oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiac markers [ 57 ]. The study monitored the change in cardiac injury markers whose expression was increased by CCl 4 ; following two weekly doses of 200 mg/kg of d -limonene approximately 50% reduction in serum levels of cardiac inflammatory markers IL-6, Hs-CRP, and TNFα was noted [ 57 ].…”