D+, He+ and H+ sputtering of solid and liquid phase tin

Incident-mass dependence of temperature-enhanced ion-induced sputtering in liquid metals

“…Also important is an understanding of any changes in these responses due to elevated surface temperatures as such a divertor will be operated at high temperatures, particularly on a transient basis. Similar to that of other liquid metal PFC candidates [2][3][4][5], tinÕs sputtering yield due to low-energy, light ion bombardment exhibits clear temperature dependence [6,7].…”

Temperature dependence of liquid Sn sputtering by low-energy He+ and D+ bombardment

“…The yield error bars combine experimental uncertainties and uncertainties inherent in our model; the temperature uncertainty is due to the measuring the temperature of a nearby surface and calibrating to the actual surface temperature instead of measuring it directly for this series of experiments. Note that a few of the solid points differ from those previously reported [7] due to the slightly oxidized nature of the earlier experiments. VFTRIM simulations were performed using an atomically smooth surface to enable comparison of standard sputtering models to our temperature-dependent data.…”

“…This preparation process was based on the finding by Bastasz and Whaley [11,12] that surfaces of both liquid tin and solid tin that were previously melted in vacuo are oxygen-free within the temperature range considered. This condition is critical as tin is one of only a few metals whose oxides have a higher sputtering yield than the pure metal in the solid state [13], as can be revalidated by comparing results from our previous study of the solid tin surface [7] with those shown here.…”

“…TinÕs primary drawbacks are its high atomic number, minimizing the acceptable impurity level, and its smaller thermal conductivity in comparison to lithium [3]. However, it is also important to consider any enhancement of the sputtering yield with temperature to determine a realistic upper limit on operating temperature of the liquid as many liquid metals (and several solids) have shown temperature-enhanced sputtering properties [4][5][6][7].…”

05/01520 Implications of convective scrape-off layer transport for fusion reactors with solid and liquid walls

“…Sputtering data for flibe [29], SnLi [28] and Sn [30] at 45 degree incidence were used. In the case of SnLi, we have presumed that the fraction of sputtered Li which is emitted as an ion (60%) is immediately re-deposited, and thus can be neglected.…”