Cytotrophoblast cells: a barrier to maternofetal transmission of passive                immunity.

Bright, Nicholas A.; Ockleford, Colin

doi:10.1177/43.9.7642966

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…During the fourth week of gestation, the neural tube closes and the human embryo is interstitially implanted into the uterine wall, and migration of syncitiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts has formed chorionic villi that cover the entire surface of the blastocyst (Cross et al, 1994). The cytotrophoblasts of these villi have been observed to function as a barrier to the transport of IgG during this stage of development (Bright and Ockleford, 1995). These observations suggest that, during neural tube closure, IgM and IgG antibodies are prohibited from reaching the embryo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoantibodies to folate receptor during pregnancy and neural tube defect risk

Cabrera

Shaw

Ballard

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproductive Immunology

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Periconceptional folic acid can reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) by up to 70%, and autoantibodies for folate receptors (FRs) have been observed in serum from women with a pregnancy complicated by an NTD. This population-based cohort study has examined serum from pregnant mothers for autoantibodies to FRs, antibodies to bovine folate binding protein (FBP), and inhibition of folic acid binding to FR and FBP in association with NTD risk. The mid-gestational maternal serum specimens used for this study were collected during the 15th–18th week of pregnancy. Samples were obtained from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program; 29 mothers had a pregnancy complicated by spina bifida and 76 mothers had unaffected children. The presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to human FR, bovine FBP, and inhibition of folic acid binding to FR and FBP was determined. Higher activity of IgM to FBP in cases verses controls was observed (P=.04). Higher activity of IgM and IgG autoantibodies to FR was observed (P<0.001 and P=.04, respectively). Risk estimates at two standard deviations above average control antibody concentrations were OR=2.07 (CI=1.02, 4.06) for anti-FBPIgM, OR=2.15 (CI=1.02, 4.69) for anti-FRIgG and OR=3.19 (CI=1.47, 6.92) for anti-FR IgM. These data support the hypothesis that high titers of antibodies and blocking of folic acid binding to FRs by maternal serum should be regarded as risk factors for NTDs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoantibodies to folate receptor during pregnancy and neural tube defect risk

Cabrera

Shaw

Ballard

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproductive Immunology

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“…This breach could be facilitated by transcytosis of virions across the syncytium rather than by their direct infection. Syncytiotrophoblasts express the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which transports IgG at high levels in the second half of pregnancy (Bright and Ockleford, 1995; Dancis et al, 1961; Garty et al, 1994; Gusdon, 1969; Malek et al, 1996). Immunohistochemical analysis of HCMV infection in human first-trimester floating and anchoring placental villi explants indicates that HCMV replicates in underlying villous CTBs, whereas the syncytiotrophoblasts are spared.…”

Section: Bypassing the Syncytiotrophoblast Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy

Arora

Sadovsky

Dermody

et al. 2017

Cell Host & Microbe

304

297

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Congenital infections with pathogens such as Zika virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, Treponema pallidium, parvovirus, HIV, varicella zoster virus, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpesviruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the devastating impact of microbial infections on the developing fetus, relatively little is known about how pathogens associated with congenital disease breach the placental barrier to transit vertically during human pregnancy. In this review, we focus on transplacental transmission of pathogens during human gestation. We introduce the structure of the human placenta and describe the innate mechanisms by which the placenta restricts microbial access to the intrauterine compartment. Based on current knowledge, we also discuss the potential pathways employed by microorganisms to overcome the placental barrier and prospects for the future.

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“…It is also one which may have important implications for transfer of immunoglobulins. The intact Langhans cell layer may provide a barrier to maternofetal transfer of IgG until such time as it becomes discontinuous (Bright & Ockleford, 1995).…”

Section: (A) Study Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent applications of the new stereology have thrown fresh light on how the human placenta grows and develops its form

Mayhew

1997

Journal of Microscopy

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The availability of design‐based stereological methods has made it possible to readdress certain key and contentious issues in placental growth and morphogenesis. Three particular questions are: (i) does the population of cytotrophoblast cells decline during gestation?, (ii) is placental growth biphasic or monophasic? and (iii) what are the consequences for intervillous porosity of the elaboration of terminal villi? These questions cannot be answered definitively without recourse to the new stereology. Applying the disector to estimate nuclear number and star volume to assess pore size, recent studies have helped to resolve these issues. Their findings are reviewed. Nuclei were counted in the trophoblastic epithelium, stroma and vascular endothelium of placental villi. It was found that growth is monophasic and proliferative. All types of nuclei increased in number throughout gestation and this included cytotrophoblast. Trophoblast grows by the continuous recruitment of new proliferative units of uniform mean volume. The so‐called ‘loss’ of cytotrophoblast cells is a misinterpretation of what is seen on microscopical sections and is attributable to disproportionate growth in villous surface area. Cells simply become more widely dispersed. Elaboration of finer terminal branches on villous trees leads to a decline in the star volumes of villi and intervillous pores. Some of the functional implications of these findings are discussed.

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Cytotrophoblast cells: a barrier to maternofetal transmission of passive immunity.

Abstract: The human fetus receives passive immunity via the chorioallvltoic placenta in the form of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) dass antibodies. This provides protection against pathogens at a time when the fetus is immunologically naive. We localized endogenous human IgG using confocal la-

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Autoantibodies to folate receptor during pregnancy and neural tube defect risk

Autoantibodies to folate receptor during pregnancy and neural tube defect risk

Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy

Recent applications of the new stereology have thrown fresh light on how the human placenta grows and develops its form

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