Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide

Li, Xiaoyü; Ma, Jing; Wang, Jianji

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.018

Cited by 88 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In our study, a dose‐dependent decrease in SOD and GSH activity was observed in treated cells (Figure A,B). These results indicated that the cytotoxicity of [C 12 min]Cl affected the antioxidant system of HepG2 cells, which is in accordance with previous studies on HepG2 cells, A549 cells, and BEAS‐2B cells . MDA is the metabolic product of the reaction between ROS and unsaturated fatty acids in the cellular membrane and the change of its cellular content indirectly reflects damage caused by excessive ROS to the cell membrane .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In cytotoxicity tests, cell viability can be used to measure the degree of toxicity of toxicants . The MTT assay is generally used to evaluate the viability of cells and drug cytotoxicity .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SOD and GSH are the most important enzymes in the antioxidant defense system, which plays an indispensable role in regulating the destruction of intracellular macromolecules due to the toxic effects of oxygen metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and free radicals . ROS (including O 2 •−, OH•, and H 2 O 2 ) are normal byproducts of multiple cellular processes, which play critical roles in apoptosis and signal transduction, however, excess ROS have harmful effects such as DNA damage, cellular dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and cell death .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by the imidazole ionic liquid 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Wang

Wan

Huo

et al. 2020

Environmental Toxicology

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This study purposes to assess the cytotoxicity of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 12 min]Cl) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. To this end, HepG2 cells were exposed to a range concentration of [C 12 min]Cl and evaluated cell viability, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell cycle, and apoptosis-related gene expression to determine cytotoxicity. The outcomes showed that [C 12 min]Cl curbed HepG2 cell growth and reduced cell viability in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.Moreover, our assay results also revealed that exposure to [C 12 min]Cl prompted DNA damage and apoptosis, reduced SOD and GSH content, enhanced MDA level, and changed the cell cycle of HepG2 cells. In addition, [C 12 min] Cl caused alters in the expression levels of p53, Bax, and Bcl-2, indicating that p53 and Bcl-2 family may be involved in the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by [C 12 min]C1. In summary, these results indicate that [C 12 min]Cl exerts genotoxicity, physiological toxicity and prompts apoptosis in HepG2 cells, and is not an alleged green solvent. K E Y W O R D S apoptosis, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, ionic liquids, oxidative stress 1 | INTRODUCTION Ionic liquids (ILs) are low melting organic salts at room temperature and are considered a green substitute for industrial volatile organic compounds. 1-3 They are composed of various cations and anions, for example, imidazolium, pyridinium, bromide (Br − ), and chloride (Cl − ). 4 Last several years, ILs have drawn wide attention owing to their unique excellent physical and chemical properties, such as low vapor pressure and nonvolatility, 5,6 good thermal and chemical stability, 7,8and relatively high viscosity. 9 These ILs as environmentally friendly chemicals are famous mainly because their vapor pressure is negligible compared to many inorganic and organic materials. 5,10 Due to their unique properties, ILs are currently being used in a diverse range of applications, including ecology, 11,12 chemical engineering, 13 the medical field, 14 food industry, 15 textiles, 16 and electrochemistry. 17 However, many studies have shown that ILs may be released into aquatic environments via effluent discharges and accidental spills and cause damage to aquatic organisms. 18,19 For example, IL toxicity has been evaluated in microalgae, 20 fish, 21,22 and in Daphnia magna. 23 In addition, several previous studies also showed that ILs are cytotoxic to many classes of cells, such as the human HeLa cell line, 24 and PC12 cells. 25 In contrast, limited information is available on the toxic mechanism of ILs, which is important in risk evaluation.The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line was derived from a hepatoblastoma at first and retains the structural and functional polarity that hepatocytes exhibit in vivo. 26 It plays a key role in the activation/detoxification of genotoxic procarcinogens and reflects the metabolism of such compounds in vivo better than experimental models with metabolically incompetent cells and exog...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by the imidazole ionic liquid 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Wang

Wan

Huo

et al. 2020

Environmental Toxicology

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“…Severals tudies have focused on the potential antitumora ctivity of ILs:a nalysis of their tox-icity toward human cancer cell lines and comparison of that data with those collected with healthyh uman cell lines. [21,22,29,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] These types of in vitro assay systems have been beneficialf or studying the biological activity of these compounds;t hey can be used to quicklya scertain the cytotoxicity of ILs and mayh elp in the extrapolation of in vitro data with regardt op ossible effects on humans. [10] The IL species tested in these studies and the cell viability assays used are summarized in Ta ble 2, from which it is possible to see that ILs as antitumor agentshave been ap opularrecent topic of investigation for the scientific community.…”

Section: Ionic Liquids As Potential Antitumor Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study with the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 showedt hat 1-methyl-3-octyimidazolium bromide ([C 8 MIM][Br]) exerts cytotoxicity via induction of apoptosis, and ROS may be the key early signal of [C 8 MIM][Br]-induced apoptosist hought he intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway. [38] Furthermore,s tudy of the metabolic pathwaysI Ls undergo should be included in future IL toxicity studies in order to understandt heir verifiedc ytotoxic effects. Other aspects that could be included in future studies involvec omparing the results of IC 50 /LD 50 determinationsa gainst those determinedf or anticancer agents already approved forc linical use, or with as tandard drug, in each kind of cancerc ell line.…”

Section: Future Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids

et al. 2016

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Among the many challenges that the pharmaceutical industry currently faces is the need to develop innovative and effective therapies. The investigation of alternative and effective therapies against cancer is a current goal of the pharmaceutical industry. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged recently as a topic of study by researchers in the pharmaceutical industry in their search for new therapeutic agents. By definition, ILs are organic salts with melting points below 100 °C that are composed only by ions. Their main advantage lies in the numerous possible combinations of cations and anions, which allow adjustments in their physicochemical properties. The combination between ILs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) may improve the properties of APIs. In addition, the antitumor properties of these compounds have been described. Several studies have reported the use of ILs in biomedical applications as therapeutic agents, namely as antitumor agents. This review describes the recent proposed applications of ILs as antitumor agents.

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Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids

Banaspati,

Sarmah

2023

Handbook of Ionic Liquids

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Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide

Cited by 88 publications

References 35 publications

Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by the imidazole ionic liquid 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by the imidazole ionic liquid 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

The Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids

Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids

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