Cytotoxicity evaluations of pristine graphene and carbon nanotubes in fibroblastic cells

Single‐walled carbon nanotube and graphene nanodelivery of gambogic acid increases its cytotoxicity in breast and pancreatic cancer cells

“…A tremendous amount of research has been dedicated to the study of the toxicity of these materials, but, to date, no significant cytotoxicity has been reported for Gn when delivered at low concentrations. Low concentrations of Gn oxide (less than 20 µg ml −1 ) did not demonstrate any toxic effect when delivered to various cell lines (Chang et al ., ; Lee et al ., ; Mahmood et al ., ; Wang K et al ., ). Similarly, Gn oxide did not show any obvious toxicity when delivered in vivo to mice in concentrations of 0.1 mg or 0.25 mg (Wang K et al ., ).…”

“…The majority of existing studies have reported that Gn sheets cause only minor cytotoxicity in cell lines from various sources (Chang et al , ; Lee et al , ; Mahmood et al , ; Wang K et al ., ; Zhang L. et al ., 2010; Zhang Y. et al ., 2010). Specifically, Gn oxides with a dose of less than 20 µg ml −1 did not demonstrate any toxicity in the human fibroblast cell line, HDF, and in the same study Gn oxides at either 0.1 or 0.25 mg per animal did not show obvious toxicity to mice (Wang K et al ., ).…”

Physicochemical characteristics of pristine and functionalized graphene

“…Contradictory reports can be found in the literature, some concluding that graphene or graphene derivatives are toxic and others that these are biocompatible. However, the conflicts between these observations from various studies and laboratories can possibly be attributed to the complexity of this nanomaterial, including its size, morphology, surface chemistry, agglomeration, surface coatings or crystallinity, and how it interacts with specific biological and cellular environments (Chatterjee et al, 2015;Chng & Pumera, 2013;Lee et al, 2012;Liao et al, 2011;Majeed et al, 2017;Wojtoniszak et al, 2012).…”

Nanodelivery of gambogic acid by functionalized graphene enhances inhibition of cell proliferation and induces G0/G1cell cycle arrest in cervical, ovarian, and prostate cancer cells

“…This observation is in agreement with other studies showing that a low concentration of fGn oxide (less than 20 mg ml À1 ) does not result in toxicity when delivered to different cell lines. 21,51 Importantly, the GA + fGn complex was found to have a signicantly higher cytotoxic effect than free GA in both cell lines at each time point. One of the most signicant applications of bio-nanotechnology in the development of novel drug delivery systems is to improve water-solubility and cellular uptake; 45 therefore, these data suggest that fGn can be used to overcome the poor bioavailability of free GA.…”