Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Responses of Imidacloprid and Glyphosate in Human Prostate Epithelial WPM-Y.1 Cell Line

Abstract

Insecticide imidacloprid and herbicide glyphosate have a broad spectrum of applicable use in the agricultural sector of Egypt. Their ability to induce in vitro cytotoxic and oxidative stress on normal human cells (prostate epithelial WPM-Y.1 cell line) was evaluated with the methyl tetrazolium test (MTT) and histopathological investigation. Cell viability was evaluated with an MTT test for 24 h. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) values were 0.023 and 0.025 mM for imidacloprid and glyphosate, respectively. Sublethal concentrations: 1/10 and 1/50 of IC50 and IC50 levels significantly induced an increase in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared with the untreated cells. Rapid decrease in the glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was induced. Significant increases were recorded in activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively, compared with the control group. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigation showed significant defects in the cells following pesticide treatments for 24 h. Therefore, it is concluded that imidacloprid and glyphosate are very toxic in vitro assays and able to induce apoptotic effects as well as oxidative stress. So, these findings provide a scenario of multibiomarkers to achieve the imposed risks of pesticides at low doses.

Genotoxicity of Glyphosate on Cultured Human Lymphocytes

“…For example, glyphosate induced significant alterations to oxidative stress biomarkers in normal human prostate epithelial WPM-Y.1 cell line. 41 Similar findings were reported using mice, 42,43 and C. elegans . 44 In the current study, glyphosate did not cause an increase in the induction of oxidative DNA damage, as our results show no changes in the levels of 8-OHdG at any examined concentrations.…”

Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application

“…Poisoning impacts peripheral muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, as well as the central nervous system [99][100][101][102][103]. Some manifestations of a cholinergic crisis include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramp, urinary incontinence, miosis, salivation, lacrimation, bronchorrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, fasciculation, muscle paralysis, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory failure [8,100,102,[104][105][106]. These effects may occur immediately with exposure to pesticides [107][108][109][110].…”

“…Zhang et al [81] studied the relationship between liver conditions and neurodegenerative diseases and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE); the results indicated accurate IC 50 values for tacrine with respect to BchE (8.6 nm). Abdel-Halim et al [8] discussed the ability to induce in vitro cytotoxic and oxidative stress in normal human cells with an MTT test; the results showed that the level of inhibition concentration (IC50) values was 0.023 and 0.025 mm for imidacloprid and glyphosate, respectively. Forsythe et al [10] used bioengineered 3D human liver and cardiac organoids to screen a panel of thallium and glyphosate and discussed the response of the organoids to these compounds; the results indicated that the IC 50 of glyphosate was 13.5 µm.…”

“…The remaining large amounts of pesticides go into or reach non-target plants and environmental media. As a result, pesticide contamination has significantly polluted the environment and caused adverse impacts on human health [6][7][8].…”

Endocrine Disruptors and Prostate Cancer

“…Indeed, IMI has been detected in the human body according to several studies [117][118][119] due to its extensive use that leads non-target organisms to be highly exposed to its residues. The toxicity of IMI has been linked to hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, as well as neurotoxicity in several experimental models [120,121]. Moreover, IMI has also been demonstrated be very toxic in human prostate epithelial cells and able to induce apoptotic effects as well as oxidative stress [122].…”